The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
In the last decade tremendous interest has risen in a class of materials that can be categorized as Thermoplastic Bio-Fiber composites. This paper discusses development methodology necessary to convert concepts into commercially viable materials. This development methodology includes: quality function deployment, assessment of available technologies, assessment of viable starting components, unit operations sequencing and assignment, statistical process control and commercialization. Particular attention will be paid to processing and material criteria necessary to achieve the required performance. Fibrex™ will be used as the vehicle to convey this methodology.
Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPVs) have been replacing thermoset rubber in the appliance industry for almost two decades. They continue to perform in this environment and are becoming the rubber" of choice in most new designs. Differences between TPVs and thermoset rubber will be examined as they relate to the appliance industry. Various areas such as design process and engineering criteria will be discussed to ascertain the effectiveness of each type of material. In addition we will present data to show the effectiveness of these materials in these demanding applications and environments. The paper also demonstrates proven performance in existing applications.Thermoplastic vulcanizates are the fastest growing part of the overall elastomer product group. Elastomers can be divided into two major groups thermoset rubber and thermoplastic elastomers. The majority of thermoplastic elastomers can be divided into four separate groups which are made up of chemistry differences. These groups are thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) styrenic block copolymers (SBCs) thermoplastic polyolefins (TPOs) and thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs). TPVs are made by a process for vulcanizing the rubber phase in the alloy during mixing. The product exhibits synergistic performance capabilities.All TPVs consist of a hard and soft segment. The hard segment is generally a crystalline or amorphous polymer with a soft rubber phase incorporated in the structure. TPVs are considered elastomeric or dynamically vulcanized alloys which are partially or fully crosslinked in the rubber phase. SBCs are styrenic based and the rubber portion is not vulcanized or crosslinked. TPOs are mechanical blends of polyolefins and various types of synthetic or natural rubber which are not vulcanized or crosslinked. TPUs are a rubber material made in a chemical reactor in several forms. These products again do not contain a vulcanized or crosslinked rubber phase and are susceptible to polymer degradation in a high moisture environments.All of these polymers have their fit as an ideal candidate for many applications. We will primarily focus on the opportunities and benefits offered by thermoplastic vulcanizates in the appliance market."
Production of large thermoplastic composite products such as railroad cross ties, marine pilings and utility poles requires an extremely long cooling time. Undesirable internal shrinkage voids from the core of the extruded product create poor physical appearance and concern about the physical properties.Cross head extrusion allows the product to be cooled in layers, thereby reducing cooling time and internal imperfections. Elaborate internal core design increases the surface area for faster heat transfer, allowing for higher extrusion rates of the inline compounding extruders. Fusible polymers in the interfacing layers permit interlayer bonding. This bonding enhances shrinkage compression of the inner core. This internal compression will stiffen the resulting product.Additional cost savings can be achieved by using off-spec resins and low cost fillers at a high loading in the core. Twin-screw compounding extruders are well suited to accomplish this compounding step in line at low die pressures. The removal of volatiles by means of vacuum venting is essential to produce a solid profile.Cross head extrusion also allows the application of high performance weathering surfaces to enhance product performance. In the following paper, the thick composite extrusion process is demonstrated with the development of railroad ties as a replacement for conventional hardwood timbers.
As we enter the micro age, the new challenge in the plastics industry is to manufacture and assemble smaller and smaller parts. Standard joining methods, such as adhesives, fasteners, ultrasonic or vibration welding may no longer suffice.Conventional lasers, such as the CO2 and Nd:YAG, have developed into important tools for the metals industry but their use to the plastics industry is limited to the cutting and scribing of plastics. Diode lasers have a shorter wavelength and have now reached output powers that allow them to be used to produce a controlled melt, or welding, of thermoplastics. Weld lines as narrow 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) have been achieved using diode laser welding systems.This paper reviews the capabilities of the diode laser welding process, and expands on three methods of delivering the diode laser energy to the work piece.
Rong-Yeu Chang, Chi-Chen Hung, Wen-Hsien Yang, May 2002
This paper presents a true three-dimensional simulation of the underfill flow in the encapsulation of flip-chips. The SIMPLE-based finite volume method (FVM) is combined with the volume of fluid (VOF) method to solve the two-phase flow field and to track the advancement of the resin front during underfilling process. Since the underfill encapsulation is driven by the capillary force, the continuum surface force (CSF) model is employed in the present approach to calculate the surface tension at the resin front surface. In addition, the chemorheology of the encapsulant is also included to consider simultaneously the effects of temperature, shear-rate and degree-of-cure on the underfilling patterns. Several test examples with different dispensing locations or molding temperatures are analyzed to demonstrate the capabilities of the present approach.
Florin Ilinca, Jean-François Hétu, Abdessalem Derdouri, James Stevenson, May 2002
A 3D finite element code including free-surface flow is used to simulate metal injection molding (MIM) of a stainless steel compound with an aqueous gel binder. The thermal analysis couples the highly conductive MIM compound with the mold wall. Predictions are compared with pressure and melt temperature data for filling and packing a long thin plate over a wide range of operating conditions. The purpose of this work is to advance MIM technology, as has been done in the plastics industry, by interactive use of experiment and simulation.
TTIR heating is more selective if filter media are used to remove unwanted light wavelengths from the spectrum of quartz-halogen lamps. Moving sheets of the non-absorbing polymer are excellent filters when interposed between the lamp and the workpieces. This paper describes an evaluation of different filter materials and filter thickness on heating selectivity and presents a method for quantifying filter performance for an acrylic to polycarbonate weld joint. Selectivity numbers (SNs) are defined here as the number of degrees of heating selectivity that are observed per second of heating. While the best filter material is another sheet of the non-absorbing polymer, some very good performance was seen for liquid filter media that are safe and easy to use. SNs greater than 4 are needed to achieve welds with minimal distortion and several liquid materials were found with SNs from 10 to 15°C/sec.
Introduction In today's industry, the number one priority is time. The faster a product reaches the market, the more profit a company can make. By utilizing a cavity pressure transducer in a mold, the quality of a finished part can be predicted. Based on this information, proper adjustments can be made to the process to correct quality issues and speed up rates of production. This works well, but an expensive transducer is required for each mold. With the aid of a newly redesigned device, it is believed that time and money can be saved in processing a product. Less scrap will also be generated by the implementation of such a monitoring device. This study is a continuation of previous research performed by Juraj Ulik, ANTEC 1999 and Scott M. Frantz, ANTEC 1993, which established that there is a relationship between tie rod bending and hold pressure. Previous research was hindered greatly by a transition noise" problem. The device has been redesigned to maximize the mechanical gain and minimize the amount of noise. Incorporating this tie rod device into an adaptive process monitoring system is the ultimate goal."
Rong-Yeu Chang, Louis Liu, Wen-Hsien Yang, Venny Yang, David C. Hsu, May 2002
True three-dimensional (3D) mold-filling technique has been a research hotspot since 90s. Important and interesting 3D phenomena such as inertia, corner effect, splitting flow, as well as fiber orientation can only be captured by the true 3D approach. On the other hand, pre-processing of the geometry model before analysis is still a rate-determining step in a CAE analysis. Poor mesh distribution will lead to loss of resolution in the 3D solver; extensive meshing will lead to huge number of elements and long CPU time that is impractical for designers. In additional to these challenges, thin-wall structure of injection molded part will generate poor aspect-ratio 3D elements for most commercial mesh generators. Therefore, geometry modeling is even more crucial in 3D than the traditional 2.5D shell element approach. In this work, an innovative mesh generator is developed to relief the effort in 3D mesh generation. This approach combines the flexibility and robustness of non-structure tetra mesh and the good boundary-layer-resolution of prism mesh. Numerical experiments prove this new approach is promising for 3D mold filling analysis for thin-wall parts.
Blends of syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) with high molecular weight acrylic monomers were prepared by extrusion blending to obtain polymer/monomer (P/M) pellets. These pellets were then converted into sheet form using flat die extrusion. Sheets of P/M material were continuously thermally cured to high conversion. The effect of processing conditions on the behavior of the resulting uncured and cured sheets was investigated. The effect of the amount and composition of the monomer mix on the morphology and physical properties of the resulting cured sheets was studied. Processing conditions and compositions were identified which produced cured sheets showing reduced modulus and improved tensile properties, relative to sPP. The in situ polymerization produced a two-phase system with very small acrylic domains. Products with good clarity have been obtained.
The essential work of fracture (EWF) is an easy to perform approach to determine the plane stress fracture toughness of ductile polymeric sheets and films. Amorphous polyesters and copolyesters are the most suitable model materials for EWF studies as they undergo full ligament yielding prior to the subsequent necking+tearing process. This behavior allowed us to partition between the yielding- and necking-related EWF parameters. The EWF method was applied to study the fracture behavior of amorphous (co)polyesters as a function of external (testing-related) and internal (material-related) parameters. It was claimed that the yielding-related specific essential work of fracture term represents the inherent toughness of the materials accordingly. This material parameter is controlled by characteristics of the entanglement network which is in close analogy with the toughness response of chemically crosslinked rubbers.
Jiannong Xu, Matthew Johnson, Garth L. Wilkes, May 2002
Five poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) resins, R1-R5, of narrow molecular weight distribution (ca. 2.0) but of different weight average molecular weights Mw’s (85 – 250 Kg/mol) were melt extruded in tubular film form with a blow up ratio (BUR) of unity. The objective was to produce a stacked lamella structure that could serve as a precursor for a later process step that converts this film into a microporous membrane. Four of the resins were in pure form R1-R4 whereas the fifth, R5, contained a small amount of plasticizer to facilitate processing due to its high molecular weight. Comparisons were made of how Mw influences film morphology under a given set of process conditions. WAXS systematically showed an increase in crystal orientation as Mw increased for fixed conditions. A Carreau-Yasuda fit of the melt rheological data provided a characteristic relaxation time and this variable was correlated to the respective morphologies produced. It was shown that nearly spherulitic-like textures could be induced with the lowest Mw material whereas highly concentrated fibril nucleated morphologies were promoted with the highest Mw under identical process conditions. It was demonstrated that by blending the resins, R2 & R4, the desired stacked lamellar structure could be fine tuned with regard to morphological features.
Nancomposite polymer compounds are poised to have a significant impact on the reinforced polymer market. A relatively small loading of properly dispersed treated clay can yield substantial improvement in a polymer's thermal, mechanical and barrier properties, as well as flame resistance, and abrasion resistance. Until recently, most nanocomposite development has focused on determining proper treatment for the clay to make it more compatible with the base polymer and thus improve the ease with which it can be dispersed. However, increasingly more effort has been extended to development of a direct compounding production methodology that will effectively disperse and exfoliate the clay. Of course, clay preparation is still extremely important, but proper design and operation of the compounding system is critical. This presentation will review the design flexibility associated with co-rotating twin-screw extruders and discuss key unit operations necessary to obtain well dispersed clay.
Triton Systems, Inc., has fabricated polymer layered silicate nanocomposites excellent dispersion of layered nanosilicates within a wide range of thermoplastics through inorganic surface chemical modification and polymer processing. These materials, including those with polyamides, polyolefins, polyesters, and polyurethanes result in dramatic improvements in mechanical, flammability, and gas barrier properties, while maintaining processibility for extrusion, injection molding, and blown film applications. This study aims to investigate the effects processing parameters have on thermoplastic polyurethane-nanocomposites. The optimization of the processing temperature, shear, and nanosilicate loading level results in materials with superior mechanical strength, toughness, solvent resistance, and hydrolytic stability.
The effects of material properties in the simultaneous twin-sheet thermoforming of dissimilar materials were evaluated using a selection of 1 mm thick sheets and a test mold. Forming of dissimilar sheets required major modifications to parameters recommended for similar sheets. For this system, increasing the sheet temperature provided the greatest improvement in seal strength. Mold temperature had little effect of seal strength whereas air temperature and pressure had no processing window. The seal strength was sensitive to the solubility parameter mismatch and difference between sheet temperature and critical transition temperature. When the former was large and latter was small, seal strength was inadequate. Of the materials used in this study, polycarbonate and ABS exhibited the highest seal strengths.
In this study, the use of elastomeric materials for simultaneous twin-sheet thermoforming was investigated. While formability depended on the particular elastomers, a polyether polyurethane formed relatively easily whereas an elastomeric polyester blend apparently required higher sheet temperatures than could be obtained with this equipment. The seal strength of the polyurethane was a function of the seal width. Narrower seals permitted greater shear flow while compressive forces dominated in wider seals. Shear flow produced high seal strengths. Increasing the sheet temperature only improved the seal strength when the compression was the primary interfacial force.
Direct compounding combines the continuous preparatory process with the cyclic, or discontinuous, injection-molding process. Everything involved in turning the individual components (polymer, colorizer, fillers, and so on) into a homogen melt takes place in a single heat. The co-rotating, intermeshing twin-screw extruder is never shut down during production, so the quality of the melt at the machine's nozzle always remains consistent. The constancy of the recipe is sustained for all individual components by a continuously operating gravimetric feeding system. This one heat" process allows better material properties for a substantial lower price."
The objective of this experiment was to determine how ultra high shear rates affected the physical properties of polycarbonate and polypropylene. To accomplish this, three different runner inserts will be utilized. The three inserts vary the time that the plastic is sheared, and the plastic's shear rate. Parts were then molded using the three different inserts. Finally, tensile data was collected to determine the effects of ultra high shear rates and shear times on injection molded parts. The data was not what was expected. The higher shear rates increased the ultimate elongation and the modulus due to cross-linking in the plastic as it cooled.
Injection molding of cross-linked low density foams made from poly(ethylene-co-octene) resins results from simultaneous reactions occurring during the process. The ultrasonic quasi-static technique (no flow) can mimic adequately the conditions prevailing during the molding process (pressure, temperature, time). In this work, compounds prepared from resins with different MFIs are investigated, exhibiting the influence of the degree of cross-linking on the CBA decomposition, as well as the effect of viscosity on the degassing conditions. Experiments demonstrate the complexity of CBA decomposition and of gas molecules diffusion in the polymer matrix.
Mechanical fastening, e.g. screwing or riveting, or thermal joining techniques like ultrasonic riveting or hot-air-sticking, are used to join thermoplastic composites and metallic structures.This paper compares the experimental results of ultrasonic riveting and hot-air sticking of fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP-GM30, PP-LGF40) and polyamide6 (PA6-GF30) with steel. The influence of glass fiber volume fraction on process stability and on the tensile strength of the joint are evaluated from micrographs and X-ray photographs. The influence of the thermoplastic matrix material and the glass fiber length on the wear of the sonotrode during ultrasonic riveting is investigated based on SEM-micrographs and surface roughness measurements.
Kim McLoughlin Senior Research Engineer, Global Materials Science Braskem
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Kim drives technology programs at Braskem to develop advanced polyolefins with improved recyclability and sustainability. As Principal Investigator on a REMADE-funded collaboration, Kim leads a diverse industry-academic team that is developing a process to recycle elastomers as secondary feedstock. Kim has a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Cornell. She is an inventor on more than 25 patents and applications for novel polyolefin technologies. Kim is on the Board of Directors of SPE’s Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Division, where she has served as Education Chair and Councilor.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Gamini has a BS and PhD from Purdue University in Materials Engineering and Sustainability. He joined Penn State as a Post Doctorate Scholar in 2020 prior to his professorship appointment. He works closely with PA plastics manufacturers to implement sustainability programs in their plants.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Tom Giovannetti holds a Degree in Mechanical Engineering from The University of Tulsa and for the last 26 years has worked for Chevron Phillips Chemical Company. Tom started his plastics career by designing various injection molded products for the chemical industry including explosion proof plugs and receptacles, panel boards and detonation arrestors for 24 inch pipelines. Tom also holds a patent for design of a polyphenylene sulfide sleeve in a nylon coolant cross-over of an air intake manifold and is a Certified Plastic Technologist through the Society of Plastic Engineers. Tom serves on the Oklahoma Section Board as Councilor, is also the past president of the local Oklahoma SPE Section, and as well serves on the SPE Injection Molding Division board.
Joseph Lawrence, Ph.D. Senior Director and Research Professor University of Toledo
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Dr. Joseph Lawrence is a Research Professor and Senior Director of the Polymer Institute and the Center for Materials and Sensor Characterization at the University of Toledo. He is a Chemical Engineer by training and after working in the process industry, he has been engaged in polymers and composites research for 18+ years. In the Polymer Institute he leads research on renewably sourced polymers, plastics recycling, and additive manufacturing. He is also the lead investigator of the Polyesters and Barrier Materials Research Consortium funded by industry. Dr. Lawrence has advised 20 graduate students, mentored 8 staff scientists and several undergraduate students. He is a peer reviewer in several journals, has authored 30+ peer-reviewed publications and serves on the board of the Injection Molding Division of SPE.
Matt Hammernik Northeast Account Manager Hasco America
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Matt Hammernik serves as Hasco America’s Northeast Area Account Manager covering the states Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. He started with Hasco America at the beginning of March 2022. Matt started in the Injection Mold Industry roughly 10 years ago as an estimator quoting injection mold base steel, components and machining. He advanced into outside sales and has been serving molders, mold builders and mold makers for about 7 years.
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