The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
Han-Xiong Huang, Yu-Zhou Li, You-Fa Huang, May 2004
The part cooling stage of the extrusion blow molding process was simulated based on the ANSYS finite element software. The transient temperature profiles across the part thickness were predicted. The experiment results validated that the predictions are reasonable. Then the temperature dependent quiescent crystallinity development across the thickness was calculated using a Nakamura equation. The influence of the processing parameters, part thickness, and the thermal properties of plastics and mold materials can be analyzed.
Even today, setting up the process and finding the optimum parameter set for ultrasonic welding sometimes is a big problem. As the residual melt layer thickness is directly linked to the formation of the joint, a real improvement in setting up the process can be achieved by using it as determining criterion.
DOE is a powerful tool used in various process optimizations. In many cases, time and resources are overextended, making this tool unaffordable or impractical. With experimentation, it has been demonstrated that the time-consuming task of using DOE to determine the contribution of a parameter to a welded product, as well as the development of a model that predicts behavior, can be drastically reduced if the parameter characterizations presented in this paper are utilized.
Laser marking continues to gain acceptance as a preferred means for decorating parts found in automotive interiors. Beam steered laser technology presents a versatile and robust means for applying any design to a wide variety of materials. This paper will cover the fundamentals of laser technology including an overview of key parameters that a design engineer will find useful in supporting a reliable implementation on the production floor.
Every day another company loses a pad printing application to a more efficient competitor. Many times a paradigm shift away from a vicious cycle of under-investment is necessary for companies to remain competitive.
Srinivasa R. Vaddiraju, M. Kostic, L. Reifschneider, A. Pla-Dalmau, V. Rykalin, A. Bross, May 2004
A CFD-simulation is performed for an existing die and compared with the actual polymer flow and dimensions of the extrudate. Experimental validation of the simulation is used to improve new die design by integrating flow simulation through the 3-D die geometry and the free-surface flow with swelling after the die. Modified die-land-and-lip profile is optimized using the so-called inverse extrusion" simulation with an objective to improve accuracy of extrudate dimensions."
Three-dimensional flow of a low-density polyethylene in a spiral die for blown-film extrusion is simulated. Effect of elongational viscosity on the flow in the spiral die is analyzed. Elongational viscosity is found to have significant effect on the velocity distribution at the die exit and on the pressure and temperature distributions in the die.
O.S. Carneiro, J.M. Nóbrega, F.T. Pinho, P.J. Oliveira, May 2004
In this work a previously developed die design code is used to optimise the flow distribution of a profile extrusion, using two alternative strategies. The numerical predictions are compared with experimental data gathered during extrusion experiments, the results of which are used to assess the rheological code and the effectiveness of the optimisation algorithm and design strategies implemented.
M. Zatloukal, M.T. Martyn, P.D. Coates, J. Vl?ek, May 2004
A recently proposed modification of the viscoelastic Leonov model is employed as a stress calculator in FEM analysis with a full u-v-p-? numerical scheme of the coextrusion flow in multi-manifold flat dies with 30 and 90 degree entrance angles. It is shown that the predicted stresses, interface location and streamlines fields are in a good agreement with the measurements. It is also revealed that the extensional viscosity has to be used in the modeling of the coextrusion flow to confirm experimental data.
Flows of a low-density polyethylene in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and in a twelve-screw ring extruder are compared. Effect of the shear as well as elongational viscosity of the low-density polyethylene is included in the simulation. Even though the velocity and pressure distributions in the two extruders have many similarities, because the intermeshing regions constitute a larger fraction of the ring extruder than that of the twin-screw extruder, the degree of elongation, and hence, the quality of mixing, is found to be better in the ring extruder.
The kinematics model of solids conveying shows that the solids advance angle is a single empirical factor of solids flow in lieu of friction factors. Furthermore, solids advance angle can be linearly correlated with pressure for LDPE. The linear functions that approximate the solids angle are used with the kinematics model to calculate solids flow of LDPE. The calculations are compared to data to demonstrate the accuracy of the model.
Thermocouple meshes have successfully been used to measure melt temperature across the material exiting from a 60mm single screw extruder. Temperature profiles are shown to be dependent on screw geometry, set wall temperatures, throughput and material type. Differences in average temperature profile and transient fluctuations have been determined.
David Kazmer, Dheeraj Gupta, Bingfeng Fan, May 2004
A design for a self-adjusting melt pressure regulator is presented for use between an extruder and one or more dies. The regulator is derived from a low force valve design that enables the outlet pressure to be directly regulated by a provided force on a valve pin without need for pressure sensors or a closed loop control system. Analytical and experimental results indicate an excellent level of response and consistency given the simplicity of the design.
M.T. Martyn, T. Gough, R. Spares, P.D. Coates, M. Zatloukal, May 2004
Flow visualisation studies are preformed to determine the effects of die geometry on interfacial instabilities in coextrusion flows of a LDPE melt. Slit coextrusion visualisation cells with 30° and 90° convergent stream angles are used in this study. Stream ratios leading to interfacial instability in the LDPE melt are quantified and compared for each geometry.
Studies of blown film cooling were carried out to investigate interaction of cooling air flow and the heat transfer processes. Instabilities in the air flow were detected at several point in the cooling region which influences the local heat transfer.The results indicates the development of temperature fluctuation in the bubble which seem to be one of the main reasons for the formation of film thickness profile in extrusion direction.
C. Laffin, G.M. Mc Nally, P.D. Forristal, P. O’Kiely, C.M. Small, May 2004
This work investigates the effect of extrusion processing conditions and co-monomer type on the gas permeation properties of LLDPE films containing polyisobutylene (PIB). The results show improved gas barrier properties with increasing polymer density and increase in film crystallinity and orientation as a result of extrusion processing conditions such as blow up ratios.
A simple equation with only four physical parameters for the description of the bubble shape (including HDPE wine-glass shape) has been derived from variational principles. The proposed equation was used in modeling of the film blowing process for a variety of process conditions and polymer melts, and a very good agreement between measured and simulated data was found.
The effect of extrusion processing conditions on the mechanical and morphological properties of a range of nylon 12s and LDPEs was investigated. The results indicate that processing conditions had a more pronounced effect on the mechanical properties of nylon 12 tubes, in comparison to those produced from LDPE.
O.S. Carneiro, J.M. Nóbrega, J.A. Covas, P.J. Oliveira, F.T. Pinho, May 2004
In this work a numerical code able to model the heat transfer in calibrators for extruded profiles is described and validated. For assessment purposes the numerical predictions are compared with analytical models and numerical results obtained with a commercial software. The routines developed are then used to identify the main process parameters and to estimate their relative importance.
For rheological design of spiral mandrel dies the most common calculation methods are segmenting the die into simplified geometries and calculating the characteristics of each flow segment analytically. In the past, one-dimensional flow was considered, but this assumption is deficient especially for low depth segments. In recent investigations IKV has studied three-dimensional flow conditions in a transparent test die and in 3D-FEA calculations. The results of these studies give the key to improve the calculation of spiral mandrel dies significantly.
Kim McLoughlin Senior Research Engineer, Global Materials Science Braskem
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Kim drives technology programs at Braskem to develop advanced polyolefins with improved recyclability and sustainability. As Principal Investigator on a REMADE-funded collaboration, Kim leads a diverse industry-academic team that is developing a process to recycle elastomers as secondary feedstock. Kim has a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Cornell. She is an inventor on more than 25 patents and applications for novel polyolefin technologies. Kim is on the Board of Directors of SPE’s Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Division, where she has served as Education Chair and Councilor.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Gamini has a BS and PhD from Purdue University in Materials Engineering and Sustainability. He joined Penn State as a Post Doctorate Scholar in 2020 prior to his professorship appointment. He works closely with PA plastics manufacturers to implement sustainability programs in their plants.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Tom Giovannetti holds a Degree in Mechanical Engineering from The University of Tulsa and for the last 26 years has worked for Chevron Phillips Chemical Company. Tom started his plastics career by designing various injection molded products for the chemical industry including explosion proof plugs and receptacles, panel boards and detonation arrestors for 24 inch pipelines. Tom also holds a patent for design of a polyphenylene sulfide sleeve in a nylon coolant cross-over of an air intake manifold and is a Certified Plastic Technologist through the Society of Plastic Engineers. Tom serves on the Oklahoma Section Board as Councilor, is also the past president of the local Oklahoma SPE Section, and as well serves on the SPE Injection Molding Division board.
Joseph Lawrence, Ph.D. Senior Director and Research Professor University of Toledo
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Dr. Joseph Lawrence is a Research Professor and Senior Director of the Polymer Institute and the Center for Materials and Sensor Characterization at the University of Toledo. He is a Chemical Engineer by training and after working in the process industry, he has been engaged in polymers and composites research for 18+ years. In the Polymer Institute he leads research on renewably sourced polymers, plastics recycling, and additive manufacturing. He is also the lead investigator of the Polyesters and Barrier Materials Research Consortium funded by industry. Dr. Lawrence has advised 20 graduate students, mentored 8 staff scientists and several undergraduate students. He is a peer reviewer in several journals, has authored 30+ peer-reviewed publications and serves on the board of the Injection Molding Division of SPE.
Matt Hammernik Northeast Account Manager Hasco America
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Matt Hammernik serves as Hasco America’s Northeast Area Account Manager covering the states Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. He started with Hasco America at the beginning of March 2022. Matt started in the Injection Mold Industry roughly 10 years ago as an estimator quoting injection mold base steel, components and machining. He advanced into outside sales and has been serving molders, mold builders and mold makers for about 7 years.
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How to reference articles from the SPE Library:
Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers, ISBN: 123-0-1234567-8-9, pp. 000-000.
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
