The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
Thomas ELTZER, Denis CAVALLUCCI, Emmanuel CAILLAUD, May 2005
Designing injection molds is of a critical issue in injection processing. In order to improve its design, we propose to focus on technical problems. We built and tested a design procedure based on technical problems mold design has to cope with. Using this procedure, design process duration is reduced; the mold cost and part quality might be improved.
Kevin J. Calzia, Anne Forcum, Alan J. Lesser, May 2005
It is well established that physical interactions at the polymer/reinforcement interface have a significant influence on the bulk response in nanocomposites. This paper presents results from studies where both the physical and chemical interactions at the interface are altered and related to the bulk mechanical properties of the nanocomposite. The results show that for optimum performance, both types of interactions must be considered.
Rising quality requirements and complexity mean that e.g. an injection molding machine can no longer be observed in isolation. It is becoming increasingly important to view the process chain in its entirety, starting with the material properties and proceeding via plastification, mold filling and cooling, right through to the downstream processes such as refinement and coating, or joining techniques. From this viewpoint for online process control, techniques are necessary that take into account every step of the production line.
J. Heaney, M. Billham, A.H. Clarke, G.M. McNally, W.R. Murphy, May 2005
The selection of the correct blend of LLDPE with conventional LDPE is critical when a specific performance property, such as heat seal strength, is required for a thin film application. Extruded blown films using different blends of LLDPE and conventional LDPE were produced. Thermal properties and mechanical properties were influenced by the type and percentage of LLDPE used.
Surface quality of profile extruded from recycled uPVC has been examined using a novel on-line visualization system and surface interferometry. A calibrated strip profile was extruded from various grades of recycled uPVC window frame. Surface defects were monitored using a high-frequency line-scan camera and categorised in terms of size, shape and position. Surface roughness was measured using a white light interferometer. PVC recovery method, batch variation and processing conditions were found to affect surface quality of the extrudate.
Hélio R. Jorge, António M. Correia, António M. Cunha, May 2005
A new formulation for Ceramic Injection Molding (CIM), based on a high-grade alumina powder bound with a water debinding system, composed by a mixture of a low molecular weight polyethylene and a polyethylene glycol, has been developed.The present paper reports the determination of the critical powder concentration of the developed feedstock by rheological model fitting. Semiempirical models were discriminated in order to establish the optimum ceramic powder concentration window.
The possibilities of plastics processing techniques based on injection molding are continuously expanding. For design engineers it is interesting but time consuming to stay up to date. A systematic approach is presented to classify existing and emerging technologies with respect to product requirements, to take the best advantage of new design opportunities.
John Gillham’s work in thermosetting polymers provided a paradigm for the time-temperature transformation characterization of these materials that is now the lens through which we look at their processing. I provide a retrospective and prospective for the insights provided by Gillham into thermoset behavior.
Volume recovery experiments on polystyrene and on an epoxy glass have been made. The experiments on the polystyrene involved novel temperature perturbations which allowed us to obtain the relaxation time as a function of volume during aging. The experiments on the epoxy were performed to investigate the ?-effective paradox. Both sets of experiments indicate that the relaxation time does not depend on the instantaneous volume as assumed in models of structural recovery.
Yan Meng, Paul O’Connell, Gregory B. McKenna, Sindee L. Simon, May 2005
A new pressurizable dilatometer has been developed to measure the time-dependent bulk modulus of thermosets during cure. The bulk modulus is important because its magnitude is directly related to isotropic residual stress development in curing thermoset-reinforced composites. The instrument is described and initial calibration runs are shown.
A vision is presented on both future education in plastics and education in future plastics, for the Bachelor’s and Master’s curricula of Industrial Design Engineering. The contributions of recent curriculum adjustments and miscellaneous e-learning activities to the students’ enhanced expertise in designing with plastics are evaluated.
A unique masterbatch containing a beta nucleating agent was used to produce extruded polypropylene sheet containing high levels of beta phase crystallinity. When these sheets were stretched they became white/opaque in appearance, and had reduced density due to the development of microvoids during the stretching process. Films made from an ethylene-propylene impact copolymer (ICP) exhibited a greater density reduction and had higher opacity than that of comparable films made from polypropylene homopolymer.
W.C. Yap, K. Halliwell, I.F.M. Major, G.M. McNally, W.R. Murphy, May 2005
uPVC profiles laminated with woodgrain foils occasionally deform in direct sunlight due to solar energy gain. Blending ASA copolymer and ABS copolymer resins with uPVC increased the heat deflection temperature of the uPVC, therefore reducing the potential for deformation. This paper reports on the thermal and mechanical performance of these blends.
PET based ternary composites were prepared by using twin screw extrusion technique with the addition of both elastomer and glass fiber. Effects of content of both elastomer and glass fiber were studied on mechanical properties and morphologies of the composites. Impact strength of ternary composites increased significantly after 30% elastomer. SEM micrographs were taken for morphology. SEM analyses showed that there was a good adhesion between fibers and matrix, and adhesion increased with elastomer concentration.
Ozcan Koysuren, Sertan Yesil, Goknur Bayram, May 2005
Carbon black filled nylon 6 composites were prepared by two different methods, namely masterbatch dilution technique and melt mixing method. Composites were compared in terms of electrical, mechanical and morphological properties. Electrical resistivity of diluted masterbatch composites was reduced to 10-7 ohm.cm at 1 wt.% of carbon black composition. Tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break and impact strength properties of composites were also studied.
Melt temperature fields have been measured in single screw extrusion using novel thermocouple grid, ultrasound and infra-red sensor techniques. The effect of die geometry on melt temperature profile has been investigated using simple slit and rod dies on a single screw extruder. Die geometry of the simple dies studied here was found to have a minor effect on melt temperature field in regions near to the die wall. Die head pressure had a more significant effect on melt temperature distribution.
In the last few years, UV curable coatings have gained great interest among numerous automotive OEMs and finishers because it allows for more efficient manufacturing, improved performance properties and an overall more environmentally friendly process. In consideration of this interest, the automotive lighting sector should be evaluated as a benchmark for early UV technology success as well as continued innovation in terms of appearance, performance and processing advantages.
This paper will explain the intricacies of interpreting the graphs of the ultrasonic welding graphs. Further, it seeks to explain how these graphs can be used to optimize welding results, troubleshoot welding difficulties and document the process for future use.
Polypropylene (PP) and Natural Graphite Flake (NGF) composites were prepared by three methods using a high-speed thermo-kinetic mixer. The electrical conductivity of the materials was measured as a function of NGF content. Mechanical and rheological properties were characterized to assess the composite's potential to be processed for applications such as fuel cells.
Four case studies are presented to illustrate environmental stress cracking (ESC) within automotive components. ESC is a very important mode of plastic component failure. The presented cases illustrate how the failure analysis process was used to identify the failure mechanism as well as the primary factors responsible for the failures. The four cases depict representative automotive failures involving varied designs and service conditions.
Kim McLoughlin Senior Research Engineer, Global Materials Science Braskem
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Kim drives technology programs at Braskem to develop advanced polyolefins with improved recyclability and sustainability. As Principal Investigator on a REMADE-funded collaboration, Kim leads a diverse industry-academic team that is developing a process to recycle elastomers as secondary feedstock. Kim has a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Cornell. She is an inventor on more than 25 patents and applications for novel polyolefin technologies. Kim is on the Board of Directors of SPE’s Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Division, where she has served as Education Chair and Councilor.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Gamini has a BS and PhD from Purdue University in Materials Engineering and Sustainability. He joined Penn State as a Post Doctorate Scholar in 2020 prior to his professorship appointment. He works closely with PA plastics manufacturers to implement sustainability programs in their plants.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Tom Giovannetti holds a Degree in Mechanical Engineering from The University of Tulsa and for the last 26 years has worked for Chevron Phillips Chemical Company. Tom started his plastics career by designing various injection molded products for the chemical industry including explosion proof plugs and receptacles, panel boards and detonation arrestors for 24 inch pipelines. Tom also holds a patent for design of a polyphenylene sulfide sleeve in a nylon coolant cross-over of an air intake manifold and is a Certified Plastic Technologist through the Society of Plastic Engineers. Tom serves on the Oklahoma Section Board as Councilor, is also the past president of the local Oklahoma SPE Section, and as well serves on the SPE Injection Molding Division board.
Joseph Lawrence, Ph.D. Senior Director and Research Professor University of Toledo
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Dr. Joseph Lawrence is a Research Professor and Senior Director of the Polymer Institute and the Center for Materials and Sensor Characterization at the University of Toledo. He is a Chemical Engineer by training and after working in the process industry, he has been engaged in polymers and composites research for 18+ years. In the Polymer Institute he leads research on renewably sourced polymers, plastics recycling, and additive manufacturing. He is also the lead investigator of the Polyesters and Barrier Materials Research Consortium funded by industry. Dr. Lawrence has advised 20 graduate students, mentored 8 staff scientists and several undergraduate students. He is a peer reviewer in several journals, has authored 30+ peer-reviewed publications and serves on the board of the Injection Molding Division of SPE.
Matt Hammernik Northeast Account Manager Hasco America
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Matt Hammernik serves as Hasco America’s Northeast Area Account Manager covering the states Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. He started with Hasco America at the beginning of March 2022. Matt started in the Injection Mold Industry roughly 10 years ago as an estimator quoting injection mold base steel, components and machining. He advanced into outside sales and has been serving molders, mold builders and mold makers for about 7 years.
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How to reference articles from the SPE Library:
Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers, ISBN: 123-0-1234567-8-9, pp. 000-000.
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
