The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
Fiber jamming is perhaps the least understood defect in molding of polymer composites. This paper presents a dimensional analysis developed to predict fiber distribution in ribbed sections. The model shows that parameters like mold closing speed and polymer viscosity can be optimized to decrease fiber matrix separation.
The influence of a stress concentrator on the mechanical properties of injected plastic parts was studied. Polystyrene plaques with different dimensions of a triangular concentrator were injected. Melt temperature, injection and holding/packing pressures and injection speed were modified in order to determine their influence on the stress concentrator factor (Kt). The experimental results were compared with the simulation ones. It was verified that Kt depends on geometrical parameters and process conditions of the injected plastic parts.
M.V. Candal, A. Gordillo, G. Terife, O.O. Santana, May 2007
The effect of the injection molding process conditions (melt and mold temperatures, holding/packing pressure and injection velocity) over the adhesion resistance of two overmolded materials was studied. The materials used were a Thermoplastic Vulcanized Elastomer (TPV) (Santoprene 8211-55) and a Polypropylene (PP) (Moplen HP501H). The measurement of the adhesion resistance was done by Tensile Test and it was observed that the melt and mold temperature are the parameters that affect in greater degree the adhesion resistance.
Jonathan Jeffery Stanger, Nick Tucker, Nigel Larsen, Mark Staiger, Roger Reeves, May 2007
For large-scale application of electrospinning technology, it is important to know how to maximise and control the deposition rate of spun fibre. Driving polarity, substrate material and current flow were examined to quantify their effect on fibre deposition rate. Conductivity of the substrate and polarity of driving electric charge were found to affect the mass deposition rate. Higher deposition rates were the result of the production of thicker fibres and an increase in deposition speed.
The part properties are determined by quality of gas penetration in gas-assisted injection molding (GAIM), while processing conditions determine gas penetration. This research aimed to investigate some of the processing parameters, such as shot size, gas delay time and gas pressure. The effect of processing parameters on shrinkage ratio was discussed, as well as that how they influenced the part performance.
A new injection technique for introducing physical blowing agents into molten polymer is studied for its application in foam extrusion. Therefore, a special injection device is mounted on a standard laboratory scale single screw extruder. By means of this device, CO2 is injected into PS melt. In this paper first results of these preliminary tests are shown. The foams produced with this new technique exhibit a cell size in the range of 100 microns.
In the blow molding process, the blown part is primarily cooled by contact to the mold. Using internal cooling it is possible to reduce the cooling time. Using atomized water, is a new method to increase the heat flow at the internal surface. At the IKV the blow mandrel and the blow molding machine are modified to inject atomized water. The achievable cooling time reduction depends on the amount of the injected atomized water. The test series show that a reduction of cooling time up to 41% is achievable.
The anisotropic material behavior of injection-molded, short-fiber reinforced thermoplastic parts can be taken into account in mechanical simulation today by linking process simulation and structural analysis. However, the prediction of the crashworthiness of short-fiber reinforced parts is still performed predominantly using isotropic material models as a substitute. An approach to include anisotropic material behavior into crash-simulation has been developed at the Institute of Plastics Processing in order to advance simulation quality.
Wood fibers are often used to reinforce polyolefins but not high temperature polymers like polyamide 6 and 66. These polyamides melt above 200 °C, which is often considered the maximum processing temperature for wood fibers. A variety of techniques for compounding and molding wood fiber/polyamide composites will be presented. These techniques are evaluated by examining fiber dispersion, fiber attrition and composite mechanical properties.
Walter Michaeli, Manfred P. Hentschel, Oliver Lingk, May 2007
A new method to determine the specific volume of polymers over a wide range of temperature and pressure based on X-ray attenuation was developed. This method allows the application of different cooling rates enabling the investigation of the density depending on the thermal history. Experiments were performed to investigate the devolution of the specific volume of an isotactic polypropylene at elevated pressures and cooling rates.
M. Zatloukal, K. Chaloupkova, D. Hertel, H. Münstedt, May 2007
The vortex development of a low-density polyethylene in different flat dies under various processing conditions has been analyzed by the Finite Element Method employing the modified White-Metzner model as constitutive equation. The theoretical results are compared with the velocity distributions measured by Laser-Doppler Velocimetry (LDV).
The DataPaq Rotomolding Telemetry System in conjunction with the Medkeff/Nye Shuttle PD developmental rotational molder was used to study and monitor internal mold and oven temperatures. Continuous internal temperature readout along with the software package were used to optimize the cycle of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). Designed experiments were employed to investigate process parameters and select physical and mechanical properties.
A novel single screw mixer is described having multiple elongational flow fields, upstream axial mixing, and thin film degassing. SEMs show high magnification examples of mixing including a PS/PE immiscible polymer blend, ceramic nano particles, and iscrete carbon nano tubes. Novel degassing over the mixer is cited using three vents in a 36/1 L/D single screw to process undried PETG.
W.-J. Boo, L. Y. Sun, S.-M. Lee, E. Moghbelli, G. Warren, A. Clearfield, H.-J. Sue, May 2007
The structure-property relationship of a set of model polymer nanocomposite systems has been investigated. The findings suggest that degree of exfoliation and aspect ratio of nanoplatelets in polymer matrices can greatly influence physical, mechanical and rheological behaviors of polymers. Most importantly, there appears to be a limit to which polymer nanocomposites can be applied for structural applications.
The effect of long chain branching in polyvinylidene fluoride in extrusion blow molding is investigated in light of the enhanced rheological properties. The presence of long chain branching increased the melt strength; melt elasticity and strain hardening of the branched samples as opposed to their linear counterparts. These enhanced properties suggest better sag resistance during blow molding and higher blow-up ratio while achieving uniform wall thickness.
3D injection molding analysis is getting popular to get accurate result in the industry. However, mesh generation time and memory size for complex models are being demanded more than those of general model or conventional 2.5D analysis. This paper adopts simulation technology such as CVFEM(Control Volume Finite Element Method) or fast multipole method based on BEM(Boundary Element Method) and shows real case for large models. It does not only develop effective method to reduce modeling time, but it also performs analysis with significant performance enhancement.
Blow moulding simulation softwares are effective tools for blow moulders to predict and improve the performance of blow moulding process. Not many such software are available in the market. This paper presents a comparative study of two blow moulding software - B-SIM and Blow View – for specific application of stretch blow moulding process. Features and capabilities are compared based on the simulation study of a plastic bottle.
This paper addresses the design issues and processing conditions that affect the performance of integral hinges. For example, the relation between the material properties and the design of the hinge is addressed. An answer will be given to the question why does the increase in the melt temperature improve the performance of hinges?" Some case studies of failed hinges are discussed to practically show the effect of processing material and design on hinges performance. Microscopy was used to investigate the failure mechanism of these hinges."
The effect of die design and wall slip on the die drool phenomenon was investigated for metallocene based LLDPE. It has been found that die exit opening and wall slip can significantly reduce the die drool phenomenon. Moreover, theoretical research has revealed that die drool onset can be explained by the negative/non-monotonic pressure profile generated inside the die and/or at the die exit region due to melt elasticity.
In this work, specially designed zero-length dies were used for the entrance pressure drop measurements with the aim to determine uniaxial extensional viscosity of polyolefin melts by using effective entry length correction and Cogswell/Binding models and the results were compared with the extensional rheology determined with the Sentmanat extensional rheometer. Reasonable agreement between these two techniques has been obtained.
Kim McLoughlin Senior Research Engineer, Global Materials Science Braskem
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Kim drives technology programs at Braskem to develop advanced polyolefins with improved recyclability and sustainability. As Principal Investigator on a REMADE-funded collaboration, Kim leads a diverse industry-academic team that is developing a process to recycle elastomers as secondary feedstock. Kim has a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Cornell. She is an inventor on more than 25 patents and applications for novel polyolefin technologies. Kim is on the Board of Directors of SPE’s Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Division, where she has served as Education Chair and Councilor.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Gamini has a BS and PhD from Purdue University in Materials Engineering and Sustainability. He joined Penn State as a Post Doctorate Scholar in 2020 prior to his professorship appointment. He works closely with PA plastics manufacturers to implement sustainability programs in their plants.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Tom Giovannetti holds a Degree in Mechanical Engineering from The University of Tulsa and for the last 26 years has worked for Chevron Phillips Chemical Company. Tom started his plastics career by designing various injection molded products for the chemical industry including explosion proof plugs and receptacles, panel boards and detonation arrestors for 24 inch pipelines. Tom also holds a patent for design of a polyphenylene sulfide sleeve in a nylon coolant cross-over of an air intake manifold and is a Certified Plastic Technologist through the Society of Plastic Engineers. Tom serves on the Oklahoma Section Board as Councilor, is also the past president of the local Oklahoma SPE Section, and as well serves on the SPE Injection Molding Division board.
Joseph Lawrence, Ph.D. Senior Director and Research Professor University of Toledo
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Dr. Joseph Lawrence is a Research Professor and Senior Director of the Polymer Institute and the Center for Materials and Sensor Characterization at the University of Toledo. He is a Chemical Engineer by training and after working in the process industry, he has been engaged in polymers and composites research for 18+ years. In the Polymer Institute he leads research on renewably sourced polymers, plastics recycling, and additive manufacturing. He is also the lead investigator of the Polyesters and Barrier Materials Research Consortium funded by industry. Dr. Lawrence has advised 20 graduate students, mentored 8 staff scientists and several undergraduate students. He is a peer reviewer in several journals, has authored 30+ peer-reviewed publications and serves on the board of the Injection Molding Division of SPE.
Matt Hammernik Northeast Account Manager Hasco America
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Matt Hammernik serves as Hasco America’s Northeast Area Account Manager covering the states Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. He started with Hasco America at the beginning of March 2022. Matt started in the Injection Mold Industry roughly 10 years ago as an estimator quoting injection mold base steel, components and machining. He advanced into outside sales and has been serving molders, mold builders and mold makers for about 7 years.
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How to reference articles from the SPE Library:
Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers, ISBN: 123-0-1234567-8-9, pp. 000-000.
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
