The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
Mitesh Shah , Kevin Cai , Marta Drewniak , Sudhir Bafna, May 2008
High-gloss molded-in-color (MIC) engineered
polyolefin materials have been rapidly gaining acceptance
in the automotive industry as an alternative to painted
plastic. This is evidenced by the recent commercialization
of INDURE® X-76 for exterior trim on the Ford F-250
platform. INDURE® X-76 offers excellent surface
durability weatherability processability and part
appearance while reducing total system costs. This paper
reviews the performance attributes and applicability of this
class of high-gloss engineered polymers focusing on new
developments that extend the property and performance
envelope.
High-gloss molded-in-color (MIC) engineeredpolyolefin materials have been rapidly gaining acceptance
in the automotive industry as an alternative to painted
plastic. This is evidenced by the recent commercialization
of INDURE
??
X-76 for exterior trim on the Ford F-250?ÿ
platform. INDURE
?? X-76 offers excellent surface
?ÿ
?ÿdurability weatherability processability and part
appearance while reducing total system costs. This paper
reviews the performance attributes and applicability of this
class of high-gloss engineered polymers focusing on new
developments that extend the property and performance
envelope.
Taher Azdast , Eung Kee Lee , Kyung-Min. Lee , Chul B. Park , Hani E. Naguib , Amir H. Behravesh , Elke Pachner , Andreas Praller, May 2008
This paper investigates the cell nucleation behaviors ofnon-crosslinked high-melt-strength (HMS) polypropylene (PP)foams blown with supercritical Carbon Dioxide (CO?ÿ2). Varying?ÿ?ÿ2. It was also observed that the effect of CO2on the cell density was more pronounced when low talc contentwas used?ÿ. Regardless of the amount of nucleating and blowing?ÿ?ÿ. It also appeared that?ÿthe die pressure did not affect the cell density significantly.agent the cell density was significantly improved by using a diewith a high pressure-drop-rate geometrythe talc and CO2 content changed the cell density. The effect ofdie pressure and pressure drop rate on cell nucleation behaviorsof HMS PP was also observed by using different die geometries.Three dies were deliberately designed to have either differentpressure drop rates while having the same die pressure or withdifferent die pressures while having same pressure drop rate.Experimental results indicated that regardless of the die theeffect of talc on the cell density was more significant at a lowconcentration of CO
Jaejwan Kim , Dong Hak Kim , Younggon Son, May 2008
Capillary extrusion experiments involving a number
of polyethylenes with emphasis on assessing the effect of
long chain branching are performed. None of the
metallocene catalyzed linear low density polyethylenes
(mLLDPE) produced by Dow Chemicals which are
believed to have some level of long chain branching show
temperature dependence on the viscosity at the gross melt
fracture regime. Furthermore these materials do not show
spurt or stick-slip flow in contrast with most linear
polyethylenes. LDPE and blends of LDPE with linear
polyethylenes also show the absence of stick-slip flow but
temperature dependence on the viscosity. From these
observations we conclude that the stick-slip flow is very
sensitive to the existence of long chain branching and the
behavior of the stick-slip flow can be used as an indicator
of LCB.
Jaejwan Kim , Dong Hak Kim , Younggon Son, May 2008
Capillary extrusion experiments involving a number of polyethylenes with emphasis on assessing the effect of long chain branching are performed. None of the metallocene catalyzed linear low density polyethylenes (mLLDPE) produced by Dow Chemicals, which are believed to have some level of long chain branching, show temperature dependence on the viscosity at the gross melt fracture regime. Furthermore, these materials do not show spurt or stick-slip flow, in contrast with most linear polyethylenes. LDPE and blends of LDPE with linear polyethylenes also show the absence of stick-slip flow, but temperature dependence on the viscosity. From these observations, we conclude that the stick-slip flow is very sensitive to the existence of long chain branching, and the behavior of the stick-slip flow can be used as an indicator of LCB.
The compression of the solid resin feed in the
extrusion process increases its density to form the solid
feed plug. Laboratory measurements were made of the
density of the resin feed as a function of stress for PET and
LDPE resins. Also the densities upon release of the stress
were recorded and they showed that PET resin remains
significantly more compressed than does the LDPE resin.
The LDPE resin is more elastic and this difference is
postulated to be a factor in the mechanics of the solid plug
melting and flow stability. Supportive extruder stability
data are cited shown and analyzed.
The compression of the solid resin feed in the extrusion process increases its density to form the solid feed plug. Laboratory measurements were made of the density of the resin feed as a function of stress for PET and LDPE resins. Also, the densities upon release of the stress were recorded, and they showed that PET resin remains significantly more compressed than does the LDPE resin. The LDPE resin is more elastic, and this difference is postulated to be a factor in the mechanics of the solid plug, melting, and flow stability. Supportive extruder stability data are cited, shown, and analyzed.
This paper deals with the simulation of the
plastification unit (extruder) for the injection molding
process. It shows the theory and how the method of
simulation of an extruder for the extrusion process is
modified to cover the effects in injection molding mainly
the facts that the screw stops rotating for a certain time
and it moves backward while rotating and melting the
polymer. To see the quality of the prediction of such a
modified program a set of experiments was performed. A
comparison of the results of these experiments with the
program prediction will be shown. The presentation will
also cover the most important variables to be checked for
achieving good melt delivery performance in the injection
molding process.
This paper deals with the simulation of the plastification unit (extruder) for the injection molding process. It shows the theory and how the method of simulation of an extruder for the extrusion process is modified to cover the effects in injection molding, mainly the facts that the screw stops rotating for a certain time and it moves backward while rotating and melting the polymer. To see the quality of the prediction of such a modified program, a set of experiments was performed. A comparison of the results of these experiments with the program prediction will be shown. The presentation will also cover the most important variables to be checked for achieving good melt delivery performance in the injection molding process.
Valery G. Makarov , Rakhil M. Sinelnikova, May 2008
The long service term of GRP products such as
technological pipes ducts scrubbers etc. is determined
by the chemically resistant layer of multilayered
fiberglass which is in direct contact with the
technological environment. The diffusion of
technological medium into the structure of the GRP leads
to a change in the dielectric properties of the material.
These changes can be used to predict the long service
term of GRP products under the influence of
technological environment. The ability to predict the
residual life period of GRP products and results of the
pipe operation with the partially damage of the chemical
resistant layer under conditions of the sulfuric acid
production are considered.
Valery G. Makarov , Rakhil M. Sinelnikova, May 2008
The long service term of GRP products such as technological pipes, ducts, scrubbers, etc. is determined by the chemically resistant layer of multilayered fiberglass, which is in direct contact with the technological environment. The diffusion of technological medium into the structure of the GRP leads to a change in the dielectric properties of the material. These changes can be used to predict the long service term of GRP products under the influence of technological environment. The ability to predict the residual life period of GRP products and results of the pipe operation with the partially damage of the chemical resistant layer under conditions of the sulfuric acid production are considered.
With growing concern regarding our environmental
impact greater focus has been placed on ways we can
reduce our impact by improving our decisions designs
and processes. The use of injection molding simulation
has been shown to reduce material consumption reduce
production scrap assist in recycling existing materials
create better quality products that have a prolonged life
and reduce energy consumption required during the
manufacturing process. This paper will present the
benefits of an additional measure called an Energy Usage
Indicator that can assist part designers using injection
molding simulation to easily identify the processing
requirements of a polymer material.
With growing concern regarding our environmental impact, greater focus has been placed on ways we can reduce our impact by improving our decisions, designs and processes. The use of injection molding simulation has been shown to reduce material consumption, reduce production scrap, assist in recycling existing materials, create better quality products that have a prolonged life and reduce energy consumption required during the manufacturing process. This paper will present the benefits of an additional measure, called an Energy Usage Indicator, that can assist part designers using injection molding simulation to easily identify the processing requirements of a polymer material.
Paula Wood-Adams , Arkady Fatseyeu , Cheng Huang , Teresa Karjala , Patricia Ansems, May 2008
We have studied a new family of propylene/ethylene(P/E) copolymers produced by The Dow ChemicalCompany which allow high filler loadings whilemaintaining good processability. Our goal was to providea fundamental understanding of the unexpectedly lowviscosity exhibited by these materials when filled withparticulates. We propose that in these copolymers interfacial slip (between the particles and the polymermelt) is enhanced by the presence of a thin layer of lowviscosity polymer around the particles. The formation ofthis layer is surface tension driven and can occur insystems such as these copolymers which are homogeneousin the bulk. Such behaviour has been observed with blockcopolymersand blends; this study is the first time it hasbeen observed in an industrial copolymer of this type.
Mold-open position (MOP) is an important variable in
the injection molding machine (IMM) control system. A
precise control of mold open position can improve the
process stability. This paper demonstrates that the variation
of mold-open offset which is the key problem in moldopen
positioning. Iterative learning estimator (ILE) is used
in batch direction to estimate this offset. To guarantee the
repeatability of this offset an Iterative Learning Control
(ILC) scheme is applied to control the mold-open velocity
to achieve a relatively low and stable value around the end
of mold-open. The control result shows that the combined
system of ILE and ILC can obtain precise MOP.
Mold-open position (MOP) is an important variable in the injection molding machine (IMM) control system. A precise control of mold open position can improve the process stability. This paper demonstrates that the variation of mold-open offset, which is the key problem in moldopen positioning. Iterative learning estimator (ILE) is used in batch direction to estimate this offset. To guarantee the repeatability of this offset, an Iterative Learning Control (ILC) scheme is applied to control the mold-open velocity to achieve a relatively low and stable value around the end of mold-open. The control result shows that the combined system of ILE and ILC can obtain precise MOP.
Qu Jinping , Yin Xiaochun , He Hezhi , Zhang Guizhen, May 2008
The working principles of vane extruder are entirely
different from screw extruder. Materials were conveyed
and plasticized by a group of vanes and the materials
suffered mainly normal stress during processing. The heat
history and mechanical history that the materials suffered
were greatly decreased contrast to screw extruder. In this
paper working principles of the vane extruder were
introduced in detail. Experiments were carried out on the
vane extruder to study the conveying characteristics and
the experimental results were presented. Experimental
results showed that the specific energy consumption is low
and the change of material’s properties has little effect on
throughput.
Qu Jinping , Yin Xiaochun , He Hezhi , Zhang Guizhen, May 2008
The working principles of vane extruder are entirely different from screw extruder. Materials were conveyed and plasticized by a group of vanes and the materials suffered mainly normal stress during processing. The heat history and mechanical history that the materials suffered were greatly decreased contrast to screw extruder. In this paper working principles of the vane extruder were introduced in detail. Experiments were carried out on the vane extruder to study the conveying characteristics and the experimental results were presented. Experimental results showed that the specific energy consumption is low and the change of materialƒ??s properties has little effect on throughput.
A way to get high and constant plasticating capacities
without using larger screw diameters or longer processing
units can be reached with a new alternative plasticating
concept. Using a separate driven coaxial feeding screw the
decrease of throughput rate especially for materials with
varying physical properties and higher screw speeds can be
reduced in a wide range. The separation of solid material
and melt within the short transition zone leads to high
plasticating capacities and lower melt temperatures by
reducing the induced shear energy caused by the rotating
screw at higher screw speeds.
A way to get high and constant plasticating capacities without using larger screw diameters or longer processing units can be reached with a new alternative plasticating concept. Using a separate driven coaxial feeding screw the decrease of throughput rate especially for materials with varying physical properties and higher screw speeds can be reduced in a wide range. The separation of solid material and melt within the short transition zone leads to high plasticating capacities and lower melt temperatures by reducing the induced shear energy caused by the rotating screw at higher screw speeds.
Marina Rogunova , Jim Mason , Thomas Eckel, May 2008
Bayer MaterialScience has commercialized a third
generation of flame retardant PC/ABS blends. The third
generation Bayblend® FR resins based on Chlorine
Bromine Antimony oxide free technology complies with
Blue Angel and White Swan requirements and has a UL94
flammability performance of V0 at 1.5 mm and 5VA rating
at 3.0 mm.
Bayblend® FR 3010 resin is a typical representative for
a non-reinforced flame resistant polycarbonate/ABS blend.
This product exhibits a good balance of flow stiffness
impact performance chemical resistance and heat distortion
properties.
Most key properties of the new Bayblend® DP
3008HR resin are similar to those of Bayblend FR 3010.
The key property of Bayblend® DP 3008HR resin is
improved hydrolytic resistance.
The new Bayblend® DP FR 3041 grade exhibits an
excellent impact performance together with outstanding
flammability ratings (V-0 at 0 75 mm and 5VA at 2.3mm)
which makes Bayblend® DP FR 3041 resin an ideal
candidate for a wide variety of thin wall applications.
Bayer MaterialScience has commercialized a thirdgeneration of flame retardant PC/ABS blends. The thirdgeneration Bayblend?ÿ?? FR resins based on Chlorine ?ÿ?ÿ?? FR 3010 resin is a typical representative for?ÿ?ÿ?? DP?ÿ?ÿ?? DP 3008HR resin is?ÿ?ÿ?? DP FR 3041 grade exhibits an?ÿ?ÿ?? DP FR 3041 resin an ideal?ÿcandidate for a wide variety of thin wall applications.excellent impact performance together with outstandingflammability ratings (V-0 at 0 75 mm and 5VA at 2.3mm)which makes Bayblendimproved hydrolytic resistance.The new Bayblend3008HR resin are similar to those of Bayblend FR 3010.The key property of Bayblenda non-reinforced flame resistant polycarbonate/ABS blend.This product exhibits a good balance of flow stiffness impact performance chemical resistance and heat distortionproperties.Most key properties of the new BayblendBromine Antimony oxide free technology complies withBlue Angel and White Swan requirements and has a UL94flammability
Kim McLoughlin Senior Research Engineer, Global Materials Science Braskem
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Kim drives technology programs at Braskem to develop advanced polyolefins with improved recyclability and sustainability. As Principal Investigator on a REMADE-funded collaboration, Kim leads a diverse industry-academic team that is developing a process to recycle elastomers as secondary feedstock. Kim has a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Cornell. She is an inventor on more than 25 patents and applications for novel polyolefin technologies. Kim is on the Board of Directors of SPE’s Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Division, where she has served as Education Chair and Councilor.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Gamini has a BS and PhD from Purdue University in Materials Engineering and Sustainability. He joined Penn State as a Post Doctorate Scholar in 2020 prior to his professorship appointment. He works closely with PA plastics manufacturers to implement sustainability programs in their plants.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Tom Giovannetti holds a Degree in Mechanical Engineering from The University of Tulsa and for the last 26 years has worked for Chevron Phillips Chemical Company. Tom started his plastics career by designing various injection molded products for the chemical industry including explosion proof plugs and receptacles, panel boards and detonation arrestors for 24 inch pipelines. Tom also holds a patent for design of a polyphenylene sulfide sleeve in a nylon coolant cross-over of an air intake manifold and is a Certified Plastic Technologist through the Society of Plastic Engineers. Tom serves on the Oklahoma Section Board as Councilor, is also the past president of the local Oklahoma SPE Section, and as well serves on the SPE Injection Molding Division board.
Joseph Lawrence, Ph.D. Senior Director and Research Professor University of Toledo
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Dr. Joseph Lawrence is a Research Professor and Senior Director of the Polymer Institute and the Center for Materials and Sensor Characterization at the University of Toledo. He is a Chemical Engineer by training and after working in the process industry, he has been engaged in polymers and composites research for 18+ years. In the Polymer Institute he leads research on renewably sourced polymers, plastics recycling, and additive manufacturing. He is also the lead investigator of the Polyesters and Barrier Materials Research Consortium funded by industry. Dr. Lawrence has advised 20 graduate students, mentored 8 staff scientists and several undergraduate students. He is a peer reviewer in several journals, has authored 30+ peer-reviewed publications and serves on the board of the Injection Molding Division of SPE.
Matt Hammernik Northeast Account Manager Hasco America
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Matt Hammernik serves as Hasco America’s Northeast Area Account Manager covering the states Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. He started with Hasco America at the beginning of March 2022. Matt started in the Injection Mold Industry roughly 10 years ago as an estimator quoting injection mold base steel, components and machining. He advanced into outside sales and has been serving molders, mold builders and mold makers for about 7 years.
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