The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
Wolfgang Abele , Yukihito Ozaki , Takeshi Chiba , Kazunori Saegusa, May 2010
Kaneka Corporation has developed a silicone based flame retardant for Polycarbonate, Kane Ace MR-01. MR- 01 realizes non-bromine and non-phosphorus flame retardant PC compound and increases low-temperature impact strength. Kaneka's renowned graft polymerization technology makes it possible to disperse the cross-linked silicone particle into Polycarbonate matrix. MR-01 achieves V-0 in UL-94 protocol at 1.2 mm thickness (Kaneka's evaluation data) with a small amount of PTFE. MR-01 also has excellent thermal stability, which provides with superior impact strength retention after heat aging, and maintains the flame retardancy after recycling process.
The current range of products designed to attain special effects continues to expand. Growth was driven by designers demanding new options to color plastic parts. Producers of effect pigments continue to respond with technological innovations and modifications of existing pigments and additives. This paper will discuss this expanded pallet and the effects and applications for which they were intended. The primary focus is on Industrial grade pearlescent pigments, synthetic grade pearlescent pigments (including colored pigment coated pearls), high density coated pearl pigments and novel metal oxide coated pearlescent pigments.
This paper describes new materials and applications for the plastics industry focused on lasermarking polymers. In the context of the paper we will describe the current state of-the-art, equipment and the new technology.
Laser marking is generally accepted to be the best way of permanently marking plastics. As a leader in laser marking Technology, we offers laser marking additives which improve the laser sensitivity of polymers. In addition to the standard portfolio (we will call them ƒ??Lƒ?products); we have added an outstanding NEW laser additive (we will call this product line ƒ??Mƒ? products): it is a robust, high-performance additive that enhances the dark-on-lightƒ? laser marking performance of most thermoplastics. Its versatility makes it suitable for use in all processing technologies and for a wide range of applications. The pelletized product ƒ??Mƒ?? can be added directly in the processing step or incorporated in masterbatches together with other additives and colors.
Expanded graphite (EG)-filled epoxy composites with thermal conductivity of 56 W/m-k were developed for applications as bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The high thermal conductivity resulted from the high intrinsic thermal conductivity of EG of 600 W/m-k. The global conductive network of graphite in the composites was achieved via solution intercalation mixing followed by compression molding and curing process. Characterization of surface chemistry of the EG by XPS showed strong potential for interfacial adhesion between graphite and epoxy matrix, which in the final composites resulted in reduced interfacial thermal boundary resistance, and thus high thermal conductivity.The composites also showed high electrical conductivity of 200-500 S/cm.
Nan Chen, Jing Wang, Yaogai G. Li, Takashi Kuboki, Chul B. Park, May 2010
This paper describes new materials and applications for the plastics industry focused on lasermarking polymers. In the context of the paper we will describe the current state of-the-art, equipment and the new technology.
Laser marking is generally accepted to be the best way of permanently marking plastics. As a leader in laser marking Technology, we offers laser marking additives which improve the laser sensitivity of polymers. In addition to the standard portfolio (we will call them ƒ??Lƒ? products); we have added an outstanding NEW laser additive (we will call this product line ƒ??Mƒ? products): it is a robust, high-performance additive that enhances the dark-on-lightƒ? laser marking performance of most thermoplastics. Its versatility makes it suitable for use in all processing technologies and for a wide range of applications. The pelletized product ƒ??Mƒ? can be added directly in the processing step or incorporated in masterbatches together with other additives and colors.
Nan Chen , Jing Wang , Yaogai G. Li , Takashi Kuboki , Chul B. Park, May 2010
In this paper, the effect of a dissolved blowing agent on the flow rate in extrusion and injection molding is studied using a single-screw foaming extruder with an accurate gas injection control. Although the decrease of the viscosity with the dissolution of the blowing agent has been measured and modeled, the flow properties have not been quantitatively evaluated to determine the processing window in foam extrusion and injection molding. This research measures the flow rate change systematically with varying the gas content in the polymer melt while maintaining the pressure constant by controlling the gear pump speed. The reduced viscosity increased the mass flow rate of the polymer significantly despite the decreased density with the dissolution of gas.
When it comes to resin drying, energy consumption is quickly becoming a key factor in the decision making process for one technology over another. However, drying energy consumption has several elements and key factors that affect the overall energy use of a dryer. It is a combination of heat-up energy and sustainable drying energy that are the elements that will, in the end, affect how much it costs to dry your resin on an annual basis.A uniform industry test standard would define the air capacity, basic load and kWh/unit of material. An industry test standard would allow users to plug in there given material, throughput and local energy rate, to calculate the true annual energy cost.
Conventional coextrusion and lamination
technologies were employed to characterize layer
sequencing effects on the impact properties of
multilayered, transparent structures incorporating high
impact resistant materials. Laminated structures utilizing
100 sheets of five-layered coextruded films were
successfully generated. Cross-sectional specimens of
these structures revealed no obvious weld lines. Most
importantly, layer sequencing had a distinct influence on
the impact failure modes and, therefore, on the impact
properties of the thick multilayered structures.
This work studies the use of surface bonded piezoelectric
induced strain actuators and their effect on the static
deflection of a single lap joint epoxy-fiber composite
cantilever beam. Euler-Bernoulli beam theory was utilized
to derive the elastic curves for pre-load and post-load
actuation, accounting for changes in flexural rigidity of
the beam. The model accounts for physical properties of
the composite beam and piezoelectric, as well as the
piezoelectric bond location. A numerical study aimed at
evaluating the effectiveness of piezoelectric actuation
based pre-load and post-load actuation, as well as bond
region has been performed. Post-load actuation was found
to be from 2.5% - 70% more effective than pre-load
actuation, depending on the bond location. Bond Region I
was found to be most effective for both pre-load and postload
actuation.
Jongeun Ryu , Tsuyoshi Saotome , H. Thomas Hahn, May 2010
In this paper, mediator-, separator-less glucose/O2 biofuel cell was built on carbon nanotube (CNT) mat electrodes. Glucose oxidase (GOx) and bilirubin oxidase (BOD) were immobilized on the mat via covalent bonding. The CNT mat is a sheet of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) which has high electrical conductivity and aspect ratio. CNT mat is expected to be one of the ideal electrode materials for biochemical applications for its easy functionalization, electrical conductivity, large surface area, porosity, and ability to lower the overpotential in various bio-chemical species. The electron transfer rate constant obtained in this study is 1.78 s-1. The open circuit voltage and maximum power density obtained from this biofuel cell are 50 mV and 38.7 ?¬A/cm2, respectively.
Polymeric articles are used in a wide variety of
applications, including some which require oral contact.
Direct incorporation of just flavorant into a polymer
results in an inferior flavor response. Three synergists
were tested in combination with a flavorant to evaluate
effect on flavor perception in a polymeric article. A
flavor panel test was designed to measure responses on
flavor identification and intensity to compare between
compositions with just flavorant and those in
combination with a synergist. It was found that the
application of a unique synergist could enhance flavor
perception dramatically.
Dante Guerra, Siva Movva, Zhi-Qi Cai, Yunior Hioe, Eusebio Cabrera,
L. James Lee, Jose M. Castro, May 2010
The effect of organoclay structure and panel thickness on the impact properties of ionomer/organoclay composites was investigated for the purpose of determining if incorporation of surface treated clay platelets within an ionomer matrix improves the self-healing properties of ionomers upon impact for military applications. Full self-healing closure of the damage caused by projectile impact was achieved at a panel thickness of 1.6 mm for the ionomer/organoclay composites, which is approximately 3.5 times less than that required with the corresponding unfilled ionomer matrix. Furthermore, self-healing closure requires good dispersion of the clay platelets within the ionomer matrix, where most of the platelets exhibit an exfoliated morphological structure.
Dante Guerra , Siva Movva , Zhi-Qi Cai , Yunior Hioe , Eusebio Cabrera , L. James Lee , Jose M. Castro, May 2010
Conventional fiber reinforced polymer composites offer many desirable properties such as high strength to weight ratio and high modulus to weight ratio. Nanoparticles have shown great promise for improving mechanical properties. Successful incorporation of nanoparticles has long been a great challenge for the composite industry. In this study, a novel approach is applied to incorporate nanoparticles into WindStrand' glass fiber preforms, Vinyl Ester composite panels were manufactured through vacuum assisted resin transfer molding. Mechanical properties of the composites were measured. Flexural strength and modulus were improved with incorporation of nanoparticles.
Sunny Modi, Kurt Koelling, Yael Vodovotz, May 2010
The objective of this study was to characterize the thermal and rheological properties of Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) blended with Poly (L-lactic acid) (PLA) resin at different concentrations and relate these findings to potential food packaging applications. The thermal analysis showed increasing concentration of PHBV resulted in lower thermal stability of PLA. Several melting transitions for the blends were observed representative of phase separated polymers. The complex viscosity showed no improvements in the PHBV when compared to the blends.
Eung Kee Lee , Kyungmin. Lee , Peter U. Jung , Hani E. Naguib , Chul B. Park, May 2010
This study aims to compare the extrusion-foaming behaviors of a random polypropylene (PP) copolymer and a block PP copolymer in terms of cell nucleation as well as foam expansion. N-butane and talc were respectively selected as a physical blowing agent and a nucleating agent for extrusion foaming. Foamed samples were obtained by conducting extrusion foaming using a single screw extruder. In addition, the amount of dissolved blowing agent and talc content were varied to observe the effect on cell morphology and expansion trend, which were then characterized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a pyknometer. The die temperature as a processing parameter was also manipulated in this study. The block PP copolymer showed much higher cell nucleation than the random PP copolymer with no nucleating agent as the dispersed ethylene-propylene particles were able to function as nucleating agents in the block PP copolymer.
Herman Suwardie, Min Yang, Peng Wang, Huiju Liu, Costas G. Gogos, May 2010
Solid dispersions made from mixing polymers and drug have caught a lot interest in recent years. One major technical barrier limiting broader applications of solid dispersions is the lack of drugƒ??s solubility data in polymer matrix. Furthermore, there is no standard or widely accepted method for the testing of drugƒ??s solubility. Zhang et. al?ÿ developed a novel method using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) recently. However, it requires tedious and delicate experimental work. Therefore, a new method via rheological characterization is explored in our laboratory. The steady from both oscillatory and capillary rheometer) and dynamic (oscillatory rheometer) viscosities of the drug-polymer system are measured for different drug concentrations at various temperatures. The rheological results presented not only can be utilized for process optimization and material characterization, such as molecular weight determination, but also provides valuable information on the drugƒ??s solubility in polymeric excipients.
Experiments were performed by a Rosand capillary rheometer and Ares control strain rheometer with a specialty high density polyethylene to determine the relationship between wall slip velocity and shear stress and the onset of slip at temperature of 190oC. Results were utilized in the computational fluid dynamics modeling in the extruded cable geometry predictions. It was found that melt slip occurs at critical shear stresses of approximately 93 KPa and 60 KPa in capillary flow and torsional flow tests respectively. Wall slip impacted extrudate geometry in different ways depending on cable contours based on the numerical analysis.
To investigate the potential of using articulated robots in combination with standardized labeling system and a dedicated mold for reaching optimal cycle time as well as flexible system, a test system was developed and optimized based on standard components. Based on the system described, in mold labeling (IML) tests were carried out comprising thin wall products ranging from 32 oz to 20 l. During optimization the niche segment for this specific system was identified. Result show that a competitive cycle time can be achieved while providing the molder with additional benefits. Cost advantages are achieved by combination of labels. The system provides a greater opportunity for post molded operations such as
sizing for faster cycles
weighing, printing, quality inspection, assembly, packing and palletizing.
A greater level of flexibility in the molding system was achieved to extract and post mold process IML parts as well as none IML parts, thus driving a greater operational scope to the investment in automation. Investment in the system could to a major part be recovered at change of production.
Xiaofan Luo , Runqing Ou , Dan E. Eberly , Amit Singhal , Wantinee Viratyaporn , Patrick T. Mather, May 2010
An epoxy/poly(?æ-caprolactone) (PCL) blend with aninteresting 'bricks (epoxy) and mortar (PCL)' morphology was prepared by polymerization induced phase separation (PIPS). The material is capable of thermally mending mechanical damage such as cracks, through an experimentally observed 'bleeding' process. Mechanistically, this is due to the volumetric expansion of PCL above its melting point in excess of epoxy brick expansion, leading to the extrusion of bulk PCL to fill the crack gap and subsequently recrystallize to restore mechanical strength.
Brian A. Young, John P. Beaumont, Zachary T. Stefanik, May 2010
This paper presents research related to the development of a methodology for evaluating the sensitivity of a given plastic material to warpage. The methodology rates a materialƒ??s sensitivity to warpage from each of three different criteria ƒ?? Thermal, Orientation and Process. The study found that two test geometries could be used to determine the three Warp Indices. For the materials tested, on an average orientation induced warpage was more than double process induced warpage. Fiber reinforcements and part thickness had a significant influence on all three of the warp indices.
Kim McLoughlin Senior Research Engineer, Global Materials Science Braskem
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Kim drives technology programs at Braskem to develop advanced polyolefins with improved recyclability and sustainability. As Principal Investigator on a REMADE-funded collaboration, Kim leads a diverse industry-academic team that is developing a process to recycle elastomers as secondary feedstock. Kim has a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Cornell. She is an inventor on more than 25 patents and applications for novel polyolefin technologies. Kim is on the Board of Directors of SPE’s Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Division, where she has served as Education Chair and Councilor.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Gamini has a BS and PhD from Purdue University in Materials Engineering and Sustainability. He joined Penn State as a Post Doctorate Scholar in 2020 prior to his professorship appointment. He works closely with PA plastics manufacturers to implement sustainability programs in their plants.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Tom Giovannetti holds a Degree in Mechanical Engineering from The University of Tulsa and for the last 26 years has worked for Chevron Phillips Chemical Company. Tom started his plastics career by designing various injection molded products for the chemical industry including explosion proof plugs and receptacles, panel boards and detonation arrestors for 24 inch pipelines. Tom also holds a patent for design of a polyphenylene sulfide sleeve in a nylon coolant cross-over of an air intake manifold and is a Certified Plastic Technologist through the Society of Plastic Engineers. Tom serves on the Oklahoma Section Board as Councilor, is also the past president of the local Oklahoma SPE Section, and as well serves on the SPE Injection Molding Division board.
Joseph Lawrence, Ph.D. Senior Director and Research Professor University of Toledo
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Dr. Joseph Lawrence is a Research Professor and Senior Director of the Polymer Institute and the Center for Materials and Sensor Characterization at the University of Toledo. He is a Chemical Engineer by training and after working in the process industry, he has been engaged in polymers and composites research for 18+ years. In the Polymer Institute he leads research on renewably sourced polymers, plastics recycling, and additive manufacturing. He is also the lead investigator of the Polyesters and Barrier Materials Research Consortium funded by industry. Dr. Lawrence has advised 20 graduate students, mentored 8 staff scientists and several undergraduate students. He is a peer reviewer in several journals, has authored 30+ peer-reviewed publications and serves on the board of the Injection Molding Division of SPE.
Matt Hammernik Northeast Account Manager Hasco America
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Matt Hammernik serves as Hasco America’s Northeast Area Account Manager covering the states Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. He started with Hasco America at the beginning of March 2022. Matt started in the Injection Mold Industry roughly 10 years ago as an estimator quoting injection mold base steel, components and machining. He advanced into outside sales and has been serving molders, mold builders and mold makers for about 7 years.
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How to reference articles from the SPE Library:
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"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
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