The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
Hossein Hosseini , Boris V. Berdyshev , Ekaterina M. Kromskaya, May 2010
Plug-assist thermoforming is a well known technique in polymer processing due to its interesting features. The dynamic value of driving-force for the stretching process is determined based on equilibrium equation. This amount of force is required for applying to a plug in order to stretch a sheet. It is used for calculation of the required theoretical work, and power of a plug-assist thermoforming process. By using a non-linear viscoelastic rheological model in the proposed mathematical model, its validity was examined by performing experimental tests on ABS sheets.
Bettina Wendel, Claus M. Dallner, Ernst Schmachtenberg, May 2010
PLA nanobiocomposite films containing cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW) were obtained by solution casting. The cellulose nanowhiskers, prepared by acid hydrolysis of microfibers of highly alpha purified cellulose, consisted of nanofibers of typically 60 to 160 nm in length and 10 to 20 nm in thickness. The nanocomposites were prepared by incorporating 1, 2, 3 and 5 wt.-% of the CNW into the PLA matrix. The morphology and mass transport properties of the films were investigated by SEM, TEM, AFM, optical microscopy, OTR and WVTR.
Nora Catalina Restrepo Zapata, Juan Manuel Vélez Restrepo, May 2010
Melt compounded polymer blends such as PP/HDPE blends from post consumer waste have often been reported to exhibit poor mechanical properties. This work reports on the potential improvement in performance of PP/HDPE blends using polypropylene copolymers as compatibilizers. The properties of the PP/HDPE blends in general progressively varied from that of 100% HDPE to 100% PP. Analysis showed some improvements in mechanical performance of the blends with the addition of PP copolymers, but DMTA results suggest no improvement in compatibility.
Nora Catalina Restrepo Zapata , Juan Manuel Vélez Restrepo, May 2010
The contact between solid polypropylene (PP) and AISI P20 steel with 38 HRC was studied for several average roughness of the steelƒ??s surface. An instrumented pin-on-disk tribometer was used to measure the friction force during contact. The conditions used allow approaching to limited studied PP ƒ?? AISI P20 steel tribosystem. A high influence of adhesive wear was observed and related to high local temperatures in the PP surface. The aim of this research was to determine the contact characteristics between solid PP and AISI P20 steel during dry sliding in a pin-on-disk system. This experimental study brings valuable results about the interaction between surfaces types of contact and friction and wear phenomena.
Nora Catalina Restrepo Zapata , Juan Manuel Vélez Restrepo, May 2010
The contact between solid polypropylene (PP) and
AISI P20 steel with 38 HRC was studied for several
average roughness of the steel’s surface. An instrumented
pin-on-disk tribometer was used to measure the friction
force during contact. The conditions used allow
approaching to limited studied PP – AISI P20 steel
tribosystem. A high influence of adhesive wear was
observed and related to high local temperatures in the PP
surface. The aim of this research was to determine the
contact characteristics between solid PP and AISI P20
steel during dry sliding in a pin-on-disk system. This
experimental study brings valuable results about the
interaction between surfaces, types of contact and friction
and wear phenomena.
The dynamic and dielectric relaxations of of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PPgMA) and its clay filled nanocomposites with different degree of clay exfoliation have been investigated. Fully and partially exfoliated samples were prepared through powered sonication and melt blend respectively. Ourresults indicated that both mechanical and relaxations can be identified with dynamic mechnaical analysis. Only a single relaxation process due to interfacial polarization was observed in broadband dielectric measurements. Dielectric dispersion parameters including dielectric strength and peak relaxation frequency were identified and appeared sensitive to the degree of clay exfoliation.
It is well-documented that plastics surface modification techniques can greatly improve the acceptance of a wide variety of coatings, adhesives and inks for improved decoration, painting and adhesive assembly. By increasing the hydrophilic characteristics and surface-free energy of plastics, bond strengths can be improved dramatically. It is theorized that interlayer adhesion between decorating and assembly formulations can also be improved by applying atmospheric plasma surface modification techniques. This study examines experimental data which relate correlations between surface modification and interlayer adhesions of inks, coatings and adhesives.
Stephen L. Spanoudis, Marian Petrescu, Venkatesh Aungadu Kuppuswamy, May 2010
The continued evolution of non-contact scanning methods has led to the development of highly effective tools for investigative metrology. Structured white light scanning technologies in particular can now generate a wealth of data for identifying and quantifying nearly all aspects of part geometry. When applied to the development process for plastic parts and products, such tools can be invaluable in evaluating design, material, tooling, and process related issues. This paper recounts the implementation of structured light scanning, automation, and data processes at Motorola, and reviews its impact on a variety of applications.
David O. Kazmer, Sugany Velusamy, Sarah Westerdale, Stephen Johnston, May 2010
In this study, long fiber pellets were used to make hemp/glass hybrid reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites by injection molding process. The mechanical property and the fracture behavior of both welded and un-welded dumbbell specimens were investigated in tensile test. It is found that in hybrid composites, the optimum hybrid ratio exists for both high tensile modulus and tensile strength. The interface property between fibers and PP were discussed based on the observation and weld strength. Last, rule of mixture was used to calculate the practical modules and strength of both hemp and glass fiber in injection molded composites from the monotonic specimens. Then the calculated results were applied again into rule of mixture for hybrid composite which involved both glass and hemp fiber. It is found that the prediction results are much closed to the experimental data.
David O. Kazmer , Sugany Velusamy , Sarah Westerdale , Stephen Johnston , Robert X. Gao, May 2010
Molding processes typically utilize a velocity controlled filling stage followed by a pressure controlled packing stage. The short term and long term effectiveness of seven different switchover methods are considered including: 1) ram position 2) injection time 3) machine pressure 4) nozzle pressure 5) runner pressure near the sprue 6) cavity pressure near the gate and 7) cavity temperature at the end of flow. The results indicated that the machine controlled switchover methods (ram position injection time and machine pressure) had a lower short term variation in the quality of the molded parts but the other switchover methods were more robust with respect to rejecting long term process variation.
David O. Kazmer , Sugany Velusamy , Sarah Westerdale , Stephen Johnston, May 2010
Molding processes typically utilize a velocity controlled
filling stage followed by a pressure controlled packing
stage. The short term and long term effectiveness of seven
different switchover methods are considered, including: 1)
ram position, 2) injection time, 3) machine pressure, 4)
nozzle pressure, 5) runner pressure near the sprue, 6)
cavity pressure near the gate, and 7) cavity temperature at
the end of flow. The results indicated that the machine
controlled switchover methods (ram position, injection
time, and machine pressure) had a lower short term
variation in the quality of the molded parts, but the other
switchover methods were more robust with respect to
rejecting long term process variation.
Thomas Müller, Ines Kuehnert, Tim A. Osswald, May 2010
Thermoplastic olefin elastomers (TPO)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites prepared by kneader and melt compounding methods were used in this study. The organoclay TPO nanocomposites were then injection molded by conventional and microcellular methods. Nitrogen was used as the blowing agent. The effect of organoclay content and preparation methods on the mechanical/thermal properties was investigated. The results show that the mechanical properties increase as the clay content increased for both the kneader and melt compounding processes. The foaming by kneader had better cell density than that of melt compounding, and cell size decreased as the clay loading increased. The addition of MMT also improved the thermal stability of the TPO/clay nanocomposites. The XRD results show that the nanocomposites having an intercalated layered structure.
Thomas Müller , Ines Kuehnert , Tim A. Osswald, May 2010
In-mold forming (IMF) is a new injection molding
technique to produce high-performance light-weight parts.
Unlike the conventional process the novel molding technology
is particularly suitable for mass production because
its cycle times are short cost-effective and efficient.
In this process a pre-heated fiber-reinforced thermoplastic
sheet is formed in the injection molding machine followed
by instantaneous overmolding thus forming short
glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic ribs to reinforce the
structure. To show the manufacturing procedure as well as
the new molding devices required the system was implemented
for the example of a steering column connection.
Thomas Müller , Ines Kuehnert , Tim A. Osswald, May 2010
In-mold forming (IMF) is a new injection molding technique to produce high-performance light-weight parts.Unlike the conventional process, the novel molding technology is particularly suitable for mass production, because its cycle times are short, cost-effective and efficient.In this process, a pre-heated fiber-reinforced thermoplastic sheet is formed in the injection molding machine, followed by instantaneous overmolding, thus forming short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic ribs to reinforce the structure. To show the manufacturing procedure as well as the new molding devices required, the system was implemented for the example of a steering column connection.
Kneader reactors are used for combined unitary processing in the polymer industry for devolatilization, compounding or polymerization. In the past, mass transport prediction for devolatilization operations in kneader reactors did not match experimental results, when diffusion was assumed as sole driving force. It was detected that there is an additional concentration and temperature dependent driving force that triggers enhanced transport at finite solvent concentrations by orders of magnitude. The author suggests that the underlying root cause is likely micro bubble formation within the polymer melt. An attempt to model this additional mass transport mechanism is presented.
Ryan Marsico , William H. Cawley , Rolf Klein, May 2010
Laser welding is increasingly becoming a technology
of choice in the plastics joining industry. The use of
infrared absorbers to laser weld thermoplastic materials
including thermoplastic elastomers is also of interest to
the plastics industry. Therefore an investigation of the
laser welding characteristics of four classes of
thermoplastic urethanes using organic infrared absorbing
materials was undertaken. In addition the use of
thermoplastic urethanes as intermediate layers with
dissimilar plastics has also been examined. This paper
reviews the results of these welding studies.
Ryan Marsico , William H. Cawley , Rolf Klein, May 2010
Laser welding is increasingly becoming a technology of choice in the plastics joining industry. The use of infrared absorbers to laser weld thermoplastic materials, including thermoplastic elastomers, is also of interest to the plastics industry. Therefore, an investigation of the laser welding characteristics of four classes of thermoplastic urethanes using organic infrared absorbing materials was undertaken. In addition, the use of thermoplastic urethanes as intermediate layers with dissimilar plastics has also been examined. This paper reviews the results of these welding studies.
The glass transition temperature (Tg) of an ultrathin polystyrene (PS) layer within a multilayer film geometry was analyzed by using a fluorescence technique; the Tgs of PS layers were tuned over 100 K by varying the species and thickness of the neighboring polymer layer. Similar Tg perturbations were observed for the first time in poly(styrene-block-4-vinylpyridine)/poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) blends. The Tg of the styrene block nanodomains increased by ~40 K by reducing the styrene block composition within the blends. This study suggests a novel route to create new material properties controlled by the polymer type and nanoconfined dimension in multilayer films and nanostructured blends.
David Kazmer , Sarah Westerdale , Daniel Hazen, May 2010
The performance of statistical process control (SPC) compared to principal components analysis (PCA) for the purpose of quality control. Both methods used a nine run perturbation design of experiments to develop the initial model and control limits. Twelve molding faults were then imposed to characterize the performance of the two methods to identify process changes and molding defects. SPC identified 5 of the 12 process faults and 18 of the 24 molding defects. PCA identified 10 of the 12 process faults and 23 of the 24 molding defects.
Amit S. Kulkarni , Srinivas Siripurapu , Todd M. Loehr , Parminder Agarwal , B. Parthipan , Pooja M.K., May 2010
Flame retardant (FR) PC/ABS blends find
applications in the medical housings market owing
to their superior processability and a fine balance
between the primary requirements of flammability
performance mechanical properties and chemical
resistance to hospital cleaners. In recent times low
part-surface gloss is emerging as an important
requirement for such applications. This manuscript
showcases a new chlorine-bromine free FR PC/ABS
blend which meets these demanding requirements
for extrusion and thermoforming applications.
Kim McLoughlin Senior Research Engineer, Global Materials Science Braskem
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Kim drives technology programs at Braskem to develop advanced polyolefins with improved recyclability and sustainability. As Principal Investigator on a REMADE-funded collaboration, Kim leads a diverse industry-academic team that is developing a process to recycle elastomers as secondary feedstock. Kim has a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Cornell. She is an inventor on more than 25 patents and applications for novel polyolefin technologies. Kim is on the Board of Directors of SPE’s Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Division, where she has served as Education Chair and Councilor.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Gamini has a BS and PhD from Purdue University in Materials Engineering and Sustainability. He joined Penn State as a Post Doctorate Scholar in 2020 prior to his professorship appointment. He works closely with PA plastics manufacturers to implement sustainability programs in their plants.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Tom Giovannetti holds a Degree in Mechanical Engineering from The University of Tulsa and for the last 26 years has worked for Chevron Phillips Chemical Company. Tom started his plastics career by designing various injection molded products for the chemical industry including explosion proof plugs and receptacles, panel boards and detonation arrestors for 24 inch pipelines. Tom also holds a patent for design of a polyphenylene sulfide sleeve in a nylon coolant cross-over of an air intake manifold and is a Certified Plastic Technologist through the Society of Plastic Engineers. Tom serves on the Oklahoma Section Board as Councilor, is also the past president of the local Oklahoma SPE Section, and as well serves on the SPE Injection Molding Division board.
Joseph Lawrence, Ph.D. Senior Director and Research Professor University of Toledo
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Dr. Joseph Lawrence is a Research Professor and Senior Director of the Polymer Institute and the Center for Materials and Sensor Characterization at the University of Toledo. He is a Chemical Engineer by training and after working in the process industry, he has been engaged in polymers and composites research for 18+ years. In the Polymer Institute he leads research on renewably sourced polymers, plastics recycling, and additive manufacturing. He is also the lead investigator of the Polyesters and Barrier Materials Research Consortium funded by industry. Dr. Lawrence has advised 20 graduate students, mentored 8 staff scientists and several undergraduate students. He is a peer reviewer in several journals, has authored 30+ peer-reviewed publications and serves on the board of the Injection Molding Division of SPE.
Matt Hammernik Northeast Account Manager Hasco America
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Matt Hammernik serves as Hasco America’s Northeast Area Account Manager covering the states Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. He started with Hasco America at the beginning of March 2022. Matt started in the Injection Mold Industry roughly 10 years ago as an estimator quoting injection mold base steel, components and machining. He advanced into outside sales and has been serving molders, mold builders and mold makers for about 7 years.
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How to reference articles from the SPE Library:
Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers, ISBN: 123-0-1234567-8-9, pp. 000-000.
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
