The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
Masumi Mizu | Taro Mitsudera | Tadashi Sengoku | Kiyotatsu Iwanami | Toshinori Yukino | Hiroshi Nishimura | Robert G. Weiler, September 2010
The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of a new class of Calcium/Zinc heat
stabilizer for clear rigid PVC applications. Typically, until this time, Organo-Tin based heat stabilizers
have been used for this application. Organo-Tin heat stabilizers offer excellent transparency and good
heat stability protection. Recently, Butyl-Tin based heat stabilizers have been designated as an
environmental Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) in EU. This has led us to research and
develop alternative heat stabilizers for clear rigid PVC applications.
Liquid Barium/Zinc based heat stabilizers offer good transparency but they typically do not have
enough heat stability under rigid PVC processing conditions. They also have the environmental
problem of the heavy metal, Barium. Typical Calcium/Zn stabilizers have good heat stability, and are
environmentally more acceptable, but typically are deficient in transparency.
Our purpose in this paper is to describe a technique for selecting individual components for a high
transparency powder Calcium/Zinc heat stabilizer and to demonstrate that the transparency and heat
stability are suitable for the task of protecting clear rigid PVC applications. Three important technical
points necessary for improving transparency were described. First is refraction (Refractive index).
Second is scattering (particle size). And third is dispersion (compatibility). Ideal state satisfied these
three points.
Bettina Wendel , Claus M. Dallner , Ernst Schmachtenberg, May 2010
Additive processes are increasingly used to generate functional components in almost any geometry layer by layer directly from CAD-files without using tools and molds. Within the scope of this paper it is shown how the limited variety of materials can be extended for fused deposition modelling to reach new areas of application and how these new materials are to be manufactured. First functional prototypes could successfully be produced and characterized.
Bettina Wendel , Claus M. Dallner , Ernst Schmachtenberg, May 2010
Additive processes are increasingly used to generate
functional components in almost any geometry layer by
layer directly from CAD-files without using tools and
molds. Within the scope of this paper it is shown how the
limited variety of materials can be extended for fused
deposition modelling to reach new areas of application
and how these new materials are to be manufactured. First
functional prototypes could successfully be produced and
characterized.
With the rapid increase in the market for recycled polyethylene from various sources, there is an urgent need to quantify the performance of these materials. Blends of recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE) were prepared to obtain specific mechanical properties and MFI. The results show that the MFIs had significant effect on the rheological, mechanical and phase morphology characteristics of the various blends.
T. Beiss , C. Dallner , E. Schmachtenberg, May 2010
At the Institute of Polymer Technology (LKT) a vibration joining technique was developed that offers short cycle times and represents a modification of hotmelt bonding using the machine technology from vibration welding. It is suitable to join thermoplastics with thermoset materials or thermosets using a thermoplastic interlayer by taking advantage of short cycle time and excellent lap-shear strength compared to bonding with reactive adhesives.
Mold filling simulations are sophisticated programs providing immense benefits for the plastics injection molding industry. The use of simulation techniques has improved the processability of large tools resulting in improved finished part quality.
Mold filling simulations are sophisticated programs,
providing immense benefits for the plastics injection
molding industry. The use of simulation techniques has
improved the processability of large tools resulting in
improved finished part quality.
B.R. Whiteside , R. Spares , P.D. Coates, May 2010
Flow visualisation has previously been used to study
injection moulding. The smaller length scales associated
with micro-moulding allow some additional measurements
to be taken but pose new challenges due to the lower
filling and cooling times. We have developed an
experimental toolset for visual observation in
micromoulding cavities via a sapphire window system that
allows the study of mould filling post filling shrinkage of
the polymer away from the cavity surface and determine
the evolution of birefringence during solidification.
B.R. Whiteside , R. Spares , P.D. Coates, May 2010
Flow visualisation has previously been used to study injection moulding. The smaller length scales associated with micro-moulding allow some additional measurements to be taken, but pose new challenges due to the lower filling and cooling times. We have developed an experimental toolset for visual observation in micromoulding cavities via a sapphire window system that allows the study of mould filling, post filling shrinkage of the polymer away from the cavity surface, and determine the evolution of birefringence during solidification.
Atakan Altnkaynak , Mahesh Gupta , Mark A. Spalding , Sam L. Crabtree, May 2010
Frictional forces (for temperatures less than the melting or devitrification temperature) and shear stresses are keys to the solids conveying and melting processes in plasticating single-screw extruders. For most processes the shear stress at the polymer-metal interface however is unknown. This paper presents shear stresses and melting fluxes for three polycarbonate (PC) resins with different melt flow rates. The data are related back to the extrusion process.
A fatigue life prediction model for GFRP composites using the internal strain energy release rate as the damage metric for predicting fatigue life from a minimum of empirical data points has been proposed. This evaluation of the modelƒ??s accuracy demonstrates its simplicity and ability to model fatigue life for coupons and components. The model was able to fit fatigue data and predict fatigue life to within 5% log error with a high success rate.
This paper describes a comparison of the lifetime of polyethylene (PE) pipes between actual field failures and accelerated experimental failures for gas distribution. The results of deformation behavior of PE pipes are also indicated in differential settlements and earthquakes. The lifetime of plastic pipes for hot water supply and space heating were also evaluated by the stress rupture tests. A 30-year-or-more service life of the system for central heating will be guaranteed at 90 degrees C under an inner pressure of 0.25 MPa.
During the injection molding process mold filling
may introduce residual stresses. And the sequential
cooling process may result in thermal stresses. Some
cases show flow induced residual stresses dominate the
final stresses. Sequential multi-component molding is
one of good examples of thermal stresses. On the other
hand in the higher speed injection molding cases
higher shear stresses may be the major contribution to
final residual stresses.
The effects of cotton bast (CB) content and steam explosion parameters (including steam pressure, holdup time, and moisture content) on the mechanical properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE)/CB composites were investigated. The results show that LDPE/steam exploded cotton bast (SECB) composites show superior tensile and flexural properties compared with pure LDPE and LDPE/unmodified CB composites. The superficial area of CB is increased by steam explosion pretreatment, thus enhancing the mechanical properties of composites.
Jeffrey Galloway, Mingjun Yuan, Rich Hoffman, Sanjiv Bhatt, May 2010
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are effective at increasing the electrical conductivity of polymers at low loading levels without compromising the resulting composite's mechanical properties. In this study, varying amounts (2 to 8 wt%) CNT were added to polycarbonate and the resulting composites were tested for electrical, thermal, and tensile behavior. The percolation threshold was < 1.4 vol % CNT. The addition of CNT to polycarbonate increased the composite electrical and thermal conductivity and tensile modulus.
An overview of sliding wear testing of polymers is presented. The primary wear mechanisms for polymers are reviewed. Common wear test methods and other experimental design considerations are discussed. In addition metrics for comparing the wear performance of materials and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Since the results of wear testing depend on many different variables careful experimentation is required to obtain meaningful data.
V. Schöppner , E. Enns , K. Anger , E. Giese, May 2010
The use of a fast responding infrared thermometer enables to measure the mass temperature inside the screw channel and the resultant profile over the screw length during the plasticizing process. With a response time of 10 milliseconds this IR-Thermometer is more than 1000 times faster than conventional thermometers.
Several market and technological developments occuring at the same time are resulting in a surge of interest and development of systems that utilize both decorative physical vapor deposition (PVD) and coatings that utilize ultraviolet light curing mechanisms.
Downsizing is affecting technical employees in mature industries, such as plastics. This paper examines the statistical probability of being impacted by these organizational changes. Strategies are presented to plan for the financial, professional and emotional impacts. If properly planned, rebuilding a technical career can be a rewarding experience.
Injection molders commonly use a ram position setting to control switchover. As in-mold sensors have become more widespread, using them to control switchover ensures more consistent part quality than machine-based control.Herein we explore several control strategies applied to an array of different mold configurations and materials.We evaluate each method's ability to minimize in-cavity variation when material viscosity changes. The results provide the molder with information for choosing a control strategy appropriate to each application.
Kim McLoughlin Senior Research Engineer, Global Materials Science Braskem
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Kim drives technology programs at Braskem to develop advanced polyolefins with improved recyclability and sustainability. As Principal Investigator on a REMADE-funded collaboration, Kim leads a diverse industry-academic team that is developing a process to recycle elastomers as secondary feedstock. Kim has a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Cornell. She is an inventor on more than 25 patents and applications for novel polyolefin technologies. Kim is on the Board of Directors of SPE’s Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Division, where she has served as Education Chair and Councilor.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Gamini has a BS and PhD from Purdue University in Materials Engineering and Sustainability. He joined Penn State as a Post Doctorate Scholar in 2020 prior to his professorship appointment. He works closely with PA plastics manufacturers to implement sustainability programs in their plants.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Tom Giovannetti holds a Degree in Mechanical Engineering from The University of Tulsa and for the last 26 years has worked for Chevron Phillips Chemical Company. Tom started his plastics career by designing various injection molded products for the chemical industry including explosion proof plugs and receptacles, panel boards and detonation arrestors for 24 inch pipelines. Tom also holds a patent for design of a polyphenylene sulfide sleeve in a nylon coolant cross-over of an air intake manifold and is a Certified Plastic Technologist through the Society of Plastic Engineers. Tom serves on the Oklahoma Section Board as Councilor, is also the past president of the local Oklahoma SPE Section, and as well serves on the SPE Injection Molding Division board.
Joseph Lawrence, Ph.D. Senior Director and Research Professor University of Toledo
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Dr. Joseph Lawrence is a Research Professor and Senior Director of the Polymer Institute and the Center for Materials and Sensor Characterization at the University of Toledo. He is a Chemical Engineer by training and after working in the process industry, he has been engaged in polymers and composites research for 18+ years. In the Polymer Institute he leads research on renewably sourced polymers, plastics recycling, and additive manufacturing. He is also the lead investigator of the Polyesters and Barrier Materials Research Consortium funded by industry. Dr. Lawrence has advised 20 graduate students, mentored 8 staff scientists and several undergraduate students. He is a peer reviewer in several journals, has authored 30+ peer-reviewed publications and serves on the board of the Injection Molding Division of SPE.
Matt Hammernik Northeast Account Manager Hasco America
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Matt Hammernik serves as Hasco America’s Northeast Area Account Manager covering the states Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. He started with Hasco America at the beginning of March 2022. Matt started in the Injection Mold Industry roughly 10 years ago as an estimator quoting injection mold base steel, components and machining. He advanced into outside sales and has been serving molders, mold builders and mold makers for about 7 years.
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How to reference articles from the SPE Library:
Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers, ISBN: 123-0-1234567-8-9, pp. 000-000.
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
