The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
Ping Fan, Lei Wang, Feng Chen, Jingtao Yang, Mingqiang Zhong, May 2012
Poly(vinylidene ?uoride) (PVDF)/graphene composite was successfully fabricated by a solution-cast and hot- pressing method. The composite material with graphene as conductive ?ller exhibited a very low percolation threshold (0.0018 volume fraction), but the dielectric constant was enhanced signi?cantly. The largest dielectric constant of 7940 was observed for the PVDF/graphene composite with 0.0177 graphene volume fraction at 100 Hz. Large enhancements of the ac conductivity and loss tangent were also observed for the composites with graphene content near the percolation threshold. The percolation theory was used to explain the dielectric behavior of the composite.
Alvaro Arnez, Luis González, Francisco Aranda, Carlos Jasso, May 2012
A semicontinuous process was used to prepare copolymers varying the feed composition profile, to vary in a gradual manner the composition of the copolymer chains being formed through an emulsion reaction, for the (50/50, w/w) styrene/butyl acrylate system. With the cumulative composition of the copolymers (1H-NMR), the weight distribution of chains composition (WCD) was estimated, constructing a histogram that is used to elucidate the mechanical behavior (DMA, stress-strain and, impact strength) of the synthesized copolymers.
Akinori Iguchi, Hideo Hirabayashi, View Paper
Kazushi Yamada, Hiroyuki Nishimura, Yasuhiro Uchiyama, Jyunpei Kojima, May 2012
To expand use of photovoltaic generation, there is a real need for reducing cost of generating by photovoltaic panels. One of cost-cutting of power generation is to prolong its service life. It is very important to prevent moisture from penetrating the back-sheet for insuring the long-life operation of photovoltaic panels. In this study, the correlation was evaluated between mechanical property and partial discharge of degraded polyethylene terephthalate film for the back-sheet.
Baris Yalcin, Steve E. Amos, Troy K. Ista, DS Park, Marcel Doering, Stefan Friedrich, Takijurou Yamabe, Sedat Gunes, May 2012
Reducing the weight of thermoplastics and rubber parts has been a paramount objective in various industries such as transportation, aerospace, hand-held electronics and sports and leisure. 3M ™ Glass Bubbles (hollow glass microspheres) are light weight micro additives specially engineered to withstand temperature, stress, and deformation gradients in a wide range of polymer processes ranging from liquid phase polymer processing to high viscosity melt compounding and high pressure injection molding. We will present factors influencing glass bubble survival and discuss processing methodologies to achieve the highest level of bubble survival for a given polymer grade, specifically during twin screw extrusion compounding and injection molding. We will then analyze application examples and demonstrate how the plastics industry and associated OEMs can exploit the light weight advantages of these novel additives while improving the processing and end-product properties without resorting to costly equipment modifications.
Sung-Bin Cho, Chang-Hyun Park, Dong-Hoon Choi, Byung-Gi Pyo, Byung-Ohk Rhe, May 2012
Injection pressure, an important factor in injection molding process, should be minimized to enhance injection molding quality. In this study, we decided the locations and open timings of valve gates to minimize the maximum injection pressure. To solve this problem, we integrated MAPS-3D (Mold Analysis and Plastic Solution-3Dimension), a commercial injection molding analysis CAE tool, using the file parsing method of PIAnO (Process Integration, Automation and Optimization) as a commercial process integration and design optimization tool. In order to reduce the time for obtaining the optimal design solution, we performed an approximate optimization using a meta-model that replaced expensive computer simulations. To generate the meta-model, computer simulations were performed at the design points selected using the optimal Latin hypercube design as an experimental design. Then, we used micro genetic algorithm available in PIAnO to obtain the optimal design solution. Using the proposed design approach, the maximum injection pressure was reduced by 35.1% compare to the initial one, which clearly showed the validity of the proposed design approach
Jungjoo Lee, Lih-Sheng Turng, Eugene Dougherty, Patrick Gorton, May 2012
This paper describes a novel approach to achieve swirl-free foamed plastic parts using the microcellular injection molding process. With a better understanding of the cell nucleating behavior, which is governed by the degree of supersaturation, one can delay the onset of cell nucleation during mold filling, thereby allowing a solid skin layer to form on the part surface prior to foaming. The theoretical background of this approach as well as the experimental results are presented.
Sherly Paul, Harsha B, Vidya V, Asworthy R, May 2012
Banana microfibrils were prepared from banana fibre obtained from the pseudo stem of the banana plant by steam explosion process. Alkali and acid treatment coupled with high pressure defibrillation was found to be effective in the depolymerization and defibrillation of the fibre to produce the microfibrils. The different stages of steam explosion process were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Atomic Force microscopy studies (AFM) revealed that the surface of the microfibrils were rough. The prepared micro fibrils were subjected to chemical treatments with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and benzoyl chloride. Low density polyethylene (LDPE)/microfibril composites were prepared by injection molding. The dielectric and mechanical properties of composites and chemically treated microfibril composites were investigated. Dielectric constant of LDPE/microfibril composite was found to be greater that of neat LDPE. Chemical treatments reduced the dielectric constant of the composite. The mechanical properties were found to be increasing upto 20% microfibril loading. Chemical treatments further enhanced the mechanical properties of the composite.
Clinton Kietzmann, Lu Chen, Harold Lin Feng, Franco Costa, May 2012
In recent years, injection molding technologies have been developed which use variable mold heating and cooling to improve surface finish and general part quality without significantly increasing cycle time. Simulation of these processes requires a transient time dependent mold thermal analysis. This paper presents the further development of a 3D finite element based transient mold cooling simulation capability to include the rapid heating and cooling cycling of the mold. The various rapid heating and cooling stages are explained as well their effect on the part during filling.
Syed Mahroosh Hussain, Syed H. Masood, Mostafa Nikzad, May 2012
POM or polyoxymethylene is an engineering resin used primarily for injection molded parts that replace metal. POM’s usefulness is derived from the combination of strength, stiffness, toughness, creep resistance, and lubricity. POM homopolymer and copolymer compete in this market space. Homopolymer grades have some mechanical advantages while copolymer grades have better thermal and chemical stability. In 2010 Ticona introduced a new high strength, high viscosity POM copolymer with the mechanical properties of a typical homopolymer, while maintaining copolymer stability. This paper introduces an improved flow, high strength POM copolymer, its property profile, salient features and potential applications.
Hsinjin Yang, J. Thomas Chapin, Ethan Wang, Jerry Yen, Carl Wang, Ivan Chou, May 2012
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effect of damp heat (DH) and ultraviolet light (UV) exposures on the properties and performance of polymeric materials in photovoltaic (PV) modules. The study covers the evaluation of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulant, TPE (PVF/PET/EV A) substrate, and laminate coupons and modules as a function of exposure time to DH (85°C, 85% RH), and UV (100W/m2, ~2 suns UV irradiance). The results showed that DH exposure had a greater aging effect than UV, and the materials exhibited a greater degree of degradation with increasing exposure time.
Dietmar Drummer, Michael O. Kobes, Daniel Merken, May 2012
Tribological parameters are results of a complex system; therefore their behavior can not easily be predicted. This paper suggests a model for characterizing tribological behavior by the distinct contribution of basic friction, and wear modes. These modes and the transition from one to another are influenced by material, geometric, and other system properties. The presented model is based on broadly accepted, mostly two-dimensional, correlations and supported with own pin-on disc friction and wear experiments.
Polystyrene / nano-graphite nanocomposite foams were made by melt compounding and in-situ polymerization. The foam was made by batch foaming. The cell morphology was improved with the advanced dispersion of the nanoparticles. In-situ polymerization provided better dispersion and the resulting nanocomposite foam had fine cell size. Adding nanoparticles as a nucleating agent can make foams at a lower foaming pressure. This discovery creates a new route to produce microcellular foams at a low foaming pressure.
Electromagnetic induction heating has many advantages such as fast heating, low energy consumption and environmental pollution reduction. Using induction heating for rapid tool heating is more economic and efficient than any of the tool heating technique. Previous studies using electromagnetic induction heating for rapid tool heating indicate that the temperature uniformity on cavity surface is not easy to be achieved no matter with surface or insert type induction heating. In this paper, a series of experiments were conducted to study the effectiveness of temperature uniformity on mold cavity surface for different induction heating coil. The parallel type coil and magnetic flux concentrators were adopted to form the induction heating device. According to the results of heating experiments, the surface temperature of 10 mm thickness hot work die steel (JIS SKD61) could rise from 50°C to 150°C in 15 seconds and the temperature uniformity of the heated zone reached 94%~95%.
Heung-kyu Kim, Baeg-Soon Cha, Hyung-Pil Park, Dong Han Kim, Min Jae Song, May 2012
A finite element simulation of ISBM (Injection Stretch-Blow Molding) Process was conducted based on visco-plastic material model assumption for PET. ISBM process for obtaining a circular PET bottle was designed in terms of stretch displacement and blow pressure. And parametric study was conducted to examine the effect of visco-plastic properties on the final properties of PET bottle. Based on the finite element simulation results, the predictability and limitations of visco-plastic material model was discussed.
In this study, highly tubular porous chitosan/poly (DL lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanocomposite structures were produced via electrospinning and unidirectional freeze drying techniques. The 3D porous structure of chitosan/PLGA was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The properties of the chitosan/PLGA nanocomposite, including porosity, water absorption, and mechanical properties, were investigated. The results showed that a highly tubular porous structure with nano-topography was formed and the compressive modulus increased greatly due to the addition of PLGA nanofibers.
Anita Redhead, Andreas Frank, Gerald Pinter, May 2012
Two different HDPE-grades were investigated concerning media-resistance. Cyclic tests with CRB-specimen were conducted under three different configurations, tests on exposed and unexposed specimens and tests in a special glass cell with a liquid environment. Additionally conventional immersion-tests with subsequent tensile-tests, OIT-measurement and Infraredspectroscopy were done. A swelling effect of both media and a skin-deep chemical aging was evidenced. Cyclic CRB tests showed comparable results with more pronounced effects for the results of the media cell.
Adrian Kelly, Chaitrali Kulkarni, Tim Gough, Ravindra Dhumal, Anant Paradkar, May 2012
Solid dispersions of the poorly soluble, thermolabile drug Artemisinin in a polymer matrix have been developed using twin screw extrusion. Artemisinin is a particularly challenging drug to use in melt extrusion due to its inherently temperature and process sensitive nature. A co-polymer developed for pharmaceutical extrusion was used as the matrix material and experiments were performed to assess the suitability of this drug-polymer combination at a range of drug loadings and process conditions. The drug was found to act as a plasticizer during extrusion and to be miscible in the polymer matrix. Artemisinin was found to be susceptible to degradation at extended residence times at process temperature. A half length extruder screw configuration was used to minimize degradation of the drug and this yielded optimum drug release rates.
M. Feldmann, AA Mamun, A.K. Bledzki, H.
-
P. Heim, May 2012
Bio-based polyamides, such as PA 6.10/ Nylon 6.10 and PA 10.10, were compounded with different cellulosic fibers for injection molding applications. PA 6.10 is partly bio-based (>60%) and possessing properties very similar to those of common PA 6. The melting point of PA 6.10 is 220°C and therefore compounding with thermally sensitive cellulose fibres is a challenge. A compounding process for engineering polymers, like polyamide with cellulose fibres, was developed and optimized. It is gentle to the fibers, even at temperatures above 200°C. Furthermore, the molding process parameters were also optimized. Different mechanical properties were studied. The high impact behavior and lightweight potentiality were analyzed for bio-composites with cellulosic fibres.
The main drawback of natural fiber reinforced composite is their low mechanical properties. In order to overcome this problem, the hybridization of natural fiber with synthetic fiber was proposed. This work is focused on evaluation of mechanical properties in particular elastic modulus of short glass-jute fiber hybrid polypropylene composite. The specimens have been fabricated by injection molding with different jute/glass fiber hybrid ratios. Experimentally, the tensile modulus of hybrid composite increased with increasing jute fiber content. Theoretically, the elastic modulus is predicted by using classical lamination theory (CLT). The fiber orientation was determined from the fracture surface observation method. Prediction by CLT showed close agreement with experimental values with a maximum deviation of about 5.6%.
Andrzej K. Bledzki, Hans-Peter Heim, Martin Rohleder, Sebastian Schaub, May 2012
Foamed polymers are well know for a high energy absorption and mechanical and acoustic damping. Foams in these applications were usually produced by extrusion or reaction foaming. Based on this fact, injection moulded foams are rarely analysed with regard to their damping behavior at dynamic load. This investigation deals with the analysis of injection moulded polycarbonate foams, produced with physical blowing agent. The materials were characterized with an falling dart impact test setup. An analysis of the dependence of temperature, the influence of the applied load and the molecular weight of the polycarbonate was carried out.
Kim McLoughlin Senior Research Engineer, Global Materials Science Braskem
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Kim drives technology programs at Braskem to develop advanced polyolefins with improved recyclability and sustainability. As Principal Investigator on a REMADE-funded collaboration, Kim leads a diverse industry-academic team that is developing a process to recycle elastomers as secondary feedstock. Kim has a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Cornell. She is an inventor on more than 25 patents and applications for novel polyolefin technologies. Kim is on the Board of Directors of SPE’s Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Division, where she has served as Education Chair and Councilor.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Gamini has a BS and PhD from Purdue University in Materials Engineering and Sustainability. He joined Penn State as a Post Doctorate Scholar in 2020 prior to his professorship appointment. He works closely with PA plastics manufacturers to implement sustainability programs in their plants.
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Tom Giovannetti holds a Degree in Mechanical Engineering from The University of Tulsa and for the last 26 years has worked for Chevron Phillips Chemical Company. Tom started his plastics career by designing various injection molded products for the chemical industry including explosion proof plugs and receptacles, panel boards and detonation arrestors for 24 inch pipelines. Tom also holds a patent for design of a polyphenylene sulfide sleeve in a nylon coolant cross-over of an air intake manifold and is a Certified Plastic Technologist through the Society of Plastic Engineers. Tom serves on the Oklahoma Section Board as Councilor, is also the past president of the local Oklahoma SPE Section, and as well serves on the SPE Injection Molding Division board.
Joseph Lawrence, Ph.D. Senior Director and Research Professor University of Toledo
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Dr. Joseph Lawrence is a Research Professor and Senior Director of the Polymer Institute and the Center for Materials and Sensor Characterization at the University of Toledo. He is a Chemical Engineer by training and after working in the process industry, he has been engaged in polymers and composites research for 18+ years. In the Polymer Institute he leads research on renewably sourced polymers, plastics recycling, and additive manufacturing. He is also the lead investigator of the Polyesters and Barrier Materials Research Consortium funded by industry. Dr. Lawrence has advised 20 graduate students, mentored 8 staff scientists and several undergraduate students. He is a peer reviewer in several journals, has authored 30+ peer-reviewed publications and serves on the board of the Injection Molding Division of SPE.
Matt Hammernik Northeast Account Manager Hasco America
A Resin Supplier’s Perspective on Partnerships for the Circular Economy
About the Speaker
Matt Hammernik serves as Hasco America’s Northeast Area Account Manager covering the states Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. He started with Hasco America at the beginning of March 2022. Matt started in the Injection Mold Industry roughly 10 years ago as an estimator quoting injection mold base steel, components and machining. He advanced into outside sales and has been serving molders, mold builders and mold makers for about 7 years.
84 countries and 85.6k+ stakeholders strong, SPE
unites
plastics professionals worldwide – helping them succeed and strengthening their skills
through
networking, events, training, and knowledge sharing.
No matter where you work in the plastics industry
value
chain-whether you're a scientist, engineer, technical personnel or a senior executive-nor
what your
background is, education, gender, culture or age-we are here to serve you.
Our members needs are our passion. We work hard so
that we
can ensure that everyone has the tools necessary to meet her or his personal & professional
goals.
Need help from SPE Headquarters?
SPE HQ provides a range of services to Chapters. If you are a chapter and need HQ services (i.e.,
event registration - full list of HQ services can be found here), please fill out and submit the HQ services request form found
here: www.4spe.org/HQservices.
IMPORTANT! If you are simply looking to post your
event on SPE's calendar, please click the "Submit an Event" button below. All events
submitted for inclusion in the SPE calendar are subject to approval.
Going to a SPE event?
If you are going to a SPE event and need a Visa invitation letter, please submit your request for a Visa Invitation letter.
SPE Members receive discounted rates on all event registrations. Not a member of SPE? Join today!
How to reference articles from the SPE Library:
Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers, ISBN: 123-0-1234567-8-9, pp. 000-000.
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
